Orchard crops

Pheromones are used primarily for monitoring pest populations, but their use as pest suppression tools has also been proposed. These alternative uses include mass trapping, mating disruption, and lure and kill. Although these approaches have been tried with varying levels of success in field and orchard crop systems, they have had limited application for the management of stored-product insects. 

Specific data requirements are based on use patterns and are listed In Section 158. For example. In Subdivision N Environmental Fate, use patterns fall Into the categories of terrestrial uses, aquatic and aquatic Impact uses. Terrestrial uses Include domestic outdoor, green house, non-crop, orchard crop, etc., and data required varies with the use site. Depending on the site of use, studies on degradation, metabolism, mobility, dissipation, and accumulation might be required. Ihe general guideline format is as follows ... 

Anti-hail rockets and anti-frost smoke have been reported for the protection of orchard crops to avoid the effects of disastrous weather conditions. 

Arnold, C.E. and J.H. Aldrich (1980). Flerbicide effects on peach seedling growth and weed control. HortScience, 15 293-294. Atkinson, D. and R.F. Herbert (1979). A review of long-term affects of herbicides. Effects on the soil with particular reference to orchard crops. Ann. Appl. Biol., 91 125-146. 

Orchard crops are among those most heavily treated with pesticides and are therefore most likely to serve as points from which pesticides are disseminated into the surrounding environment. It is not uncommon for an orchard to be treated with several types of pesticides for a yearly total of 50 pounds per acre. In the 20 years since modem insecticides were introduced, therefore, as much as Vz ton of pesticides could have been applied to every acre of many commercially operated orchards. 

DOMESTIC DATA REQUIREMENTS OUTDOOR GREEN- HOUSE - NON- ORCHARD CROP CROP FIELD AND VEGE. CROP FORES- TRY... 

OTHER COMMENTS used as a systematic insecticide and acaricide for vegetables, orchard crops, field crops, and ornamentals. 

Megachilidae) as a mobile pollinator of orchard crops. Environ. Entomol. 20, 590-596. 

Products and Uses A plant growth regulator applied to apples and other orchard crops. Used on cherries, nectarines, pears, grapes, peanuts, plums, and peaches. It increases the shelf life, coloring and firmness for apple, cherry, prune, pear. 

Iiopoitanee One ol the leading orchard crops of the Hawaian Islands, where ahoul 18.210 dnd tons are produced annually. Principal Areas Ausiraiia end Hawaii. Growing Conditions Moist semilropical climate. Does best on well-drained soils. 

Table 1 Diazinon concentrations in crop samples collected from European starlings (Sturnus vulgarus) following several applications to orchards in eastern Washington, USA...

Both lantana and common purslane are weed pests in some crops. Common purslane root exudates inhibited soybean growth but showed stimulation in other bioassays reported in this paper. This may be a concentration and bioassay species dependent effect, since the effect of any toxin varies according to concentration and bloassay species (12). Lantana root exudates showed the strongest inhibitory effect on soybean growth of any of the species tested. Lantana is not found in soybean fields but is a weed pest in some areas in citrus orchards. Holm (13) included lantana, johnsongrass, and cogongrass in his list of the worst weed pests in the world. 

Hydrogen cyanide is an important raw material used in the production of methyl methacrylate and is widely used for Lucite, Plexiglas molding, and extrusion powders as well as coating resins. It is used widely in the agricultural sector to fumigate orchards and tree crops. 

The warm-weather climates necessary for citrus orchards generally minimize the risk of frost conditions. Nevertheless, occasionally measures are needed to protect the trees and their fruit from freezing temperatures. Citrus crops become threatened when temperatures fall below 28°F for four hours or moreJ l Heating... 

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