Disposal standards

Standards for the disposal or produced water to surface waters both onshore and offshore are developed by governmental regulatory authorities. Table 3.1 summarizes offshore disposal standards for several countries. The standards are current as of this writing. 

In addition to placing limits on the oil content, regulatory agencies generally specify an analytical method for determining the oil content. A number of analytical methods are available, and they 

Worldwide produced water effluent oil concentration limitations 

Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil Argentina and Venezuela Indonesia 

30 mg/1 All facilities 15 mg/1 New facilities 25 mg/1 Grandfathered facilities 30 mg/1 All facilities 50 mg/1 All facilities 30 mg/1 All facilities 50 mg/1 All facilities 29 mg/1 OCS water Zero discharge inland water 

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To reduce oil content to levels which meet disposal standards it is often necessary to employ rather more sophisticated methods. Two such techniques which can reduce oil in water to less than 40 ppm use gas flotation and hydrocyclone processes. 

The acidic contaminants can also be removed by employing a system that utilizes extractions, precipitation, distillation, and other treatments for rendering the waste stream acceptable for current disposal standards (18—20). First Chemical Corporation uses such a system. Residual nitric acid can be removed by a multistage countercurrent Hquid-Hquid extraction. The nitric acid (ca 25%) is then reconcentrated by distillation for further use. 

Recovery of materials from liquid effluents, such as processes related to conservation, cleanup, concentration, and separation of desirable fractions from undesirable ones (2) Purification of water sources (3) Effluent water renovation for reuse or to meet point source disposal standards required to maintain suitable water quality in the receptor streams. 

U.S. EPA has proposed TSCA standards for the disposal of lead-based paint (LBP) debris to replace RCRA regulations. The new standards would establish disposal standards for LBP debris and identify recycling and incineration activities that would be controlled or prohibited. To avoid duplicative regulation, the waste that is subject to these new standards would not be subject to RCRA hazardous waste determination. 

Progress in the establishment of a permanent waste repository, presumably at Yucca Mountain, within a framework of reasonable waste disposal standards. 

The following are being addressed for other POPs based on the outcomes of the above mentioned development of detoxification methods with a view to understand the actual wastes emissions and formulating their disposal standards. 

Necessary studies for the development of POPs wastes disposal standard. 

Recyclable Materials Used in a Manner Constituting Disposal Standards applicable to users Yes 40 CFR 266.23 EPA 1985h... 

Provide a design for handling the spent acid which is removed from the settler after the sulfonation process in the sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate process described in Chap. 2. The final waste effluent must meet the waste-disposal standards of EPA. 

Excreta Disposal Standard 1 Access to, and numbers of, toilets. 

Excreta Disposal Standard 2 Design, construction, and use of toilets. 

Several standards have been written to address waste management systems. In the United States, EPA standard 40 CER 260 (2006) provides general guidelines, while EPA 40 CER 264 (2006) gives standards for waste treatment, storage, and disposal. Standards for the petroleum industry are given in API publications 300 (1991) and 303 (1992). The main international standard for waste management systems is ISO 140001 (2004), which has been adopted as the national standard in the countries of the European Union. ASTM standard 11.04 (2006) should also be consulted. 

Depending on the date of the release and nature of contaminated media, EPA provides several cleanup and disposal options. Any party may proceed to clean up any PCB remediation waste based on the concentration of PCBs found, and may do so either (i) as a self-implementing on-site cleanup and disposal (ii) consistent with performance-based disposal standards or (iii) pursuant to a risk-based cleanup and disposal approval received from the Administration. In addition, and with regard to a more limited class of PCB spills and releases, a party may proceed with cleanup and disposal under the EPA s PCB Spill Cleanup Policy. ... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Sewage sludge use or disposal standards Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds numeric concentration limits. Federal Register 1999, 64, 246, 72045. 

EPA certifies WIPP meets nuclear waste disposal standards... 

The EPA cerhfication of WIPP imposes limits on the radionuclide inventory of the TRU waste as well as on specific waste components that affect the long-term properties of the repository (e.g., gas generation). As specified in the WIPP Land Withdrawal Act, EPA will continue to regulate WIPP until it closes (Public Law 102-579, as amended by Public Law 104-201). EPA will conduct a recertification every five years until closure to determine whether WIPP continues to comply with the radioactive waste disposal standards. DOE is required by regulation to report changes in activities or in conditions that have the potential for any releases from the repository. EPA may conduct inspections of activities at the WIPP repository and at other WIPP-related facilities (laboratories, waste generating, and storage sites) to verify continued compliance with the radioactive waste disposal standards. 

Hazardous material must be appropriately handled and disposed in accordance with local hazardous material disposal standards. 

Stachowitz, W, 2001, 15 years of experience in the field of landfill gas disposal, standards, problems, solutions and procedures. In Christensen, T. H., Cossu, R. Stegmann, R. (eds) Proa Sardinia 2001, Eighth International Landfill Symposium, Margherita di Pula, Italy, Vol. II, 601—611. Published by CISA Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre, Cagliari, Italy. 

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