Detoxification methods

Okeke, G.C., F.C. Obioha, and A.E. Udeogu. 1985. Comparison of detoxification methods for cassava-borne cyanide. Nutr. Rep. Inter. 32 139-147. 

Detoxification methods, pesticide content of fish, environmental analytical and monitoring techniques. (4 Utilization of biomass, drinking water quality, organic contaminants in lakes and rivers, and effect of deforestation on carbon dioxide and oxygen content of air. 

Development of detoxification methods for agricultural chemicals containing POPs... 

The detoxification methods for agricultural chemicals containing POPs, etc. have been verified and these chemicals are properly disposed of by these methods. 

The following are being addressed for other POPs based on the outcomes of the above mentioned development of detoxification methods with a view to understand the actual wastes emissions and formulating their disposal standards. 

For CS 1.94, several treatments were performed as described above in order to obtain enough volume of hydrolysates for fermentation experiments. Thereafter the hydrolysates were mixed, stored at 4°C and several detoxification methods, including activated charcoal and anion-exchange resin treatments, were applied. Nondetoxified hydrolysate was adjusted to pH 5.5 by adding Ca(OH)2. After 1 h the precipitate was removed by centrifuging (Avanti J-25i Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) at 7500g for 25 min. The detoxification treatments were done as follows. 

Fig. 3. Influence of detoxification methods on composition of BSG hydrolysates. Values are expressed as the percentage of the concentration of compounds left after treatment relative to the raw hydrolysate.

To evaluate the degree of microbial growth inhibition caused by the hydrolysate used, Debaryomyces hansenii was grown in detoxified hydrolysates and in a hydrolysate only subjected to a pH correction, both nonsupple-mented and supplemented. As detoxification methods, anion-exchange resins and activated charcoal treatments were chosen because both enable the reduction of most of the fermentation-inhibiting compounds (7,38,39). 

Another permanent cyanide detoxification method involves the intravenous injection of sodimn thiosulfate. The thiosulfate contains a loosely bound sulfur atom that can convert cyanide to thiocyanate by the action of the ubiquitous enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate-cyanide sulfiutransferase). The much less toxic thiocyanate is excreted via the urine. Rhodanese occius in both the liver and in skeletal muscle and produces a detoxifying action even in the absence of thiosulfate. 

As an alternative to detoxification methods, improvement in P. stipitis ability to grow and ferment in acid-pretreated slurries (through conditioning or adaptation) have been pursued in some studies [ 16-18]. To our knowledge, there has been no study on how aeration (agitation) affects the improvements in fermentation observed fixrm adaptation. This study looks at how aeration (agitation) affects fermentation speed in adapted and unadapted strains of P. stipitis. 

Castegnaro, M., Michelon, J., Walker, E. A. Some detoxifications methods for nitrosamine contaminated wastes, in JV-Nitroso Compounds Occurrence and Biological Effects (lARC Scientific Publications No. 41), (eds.) Bartsch, H., O Neill, I. K., Castegnaro, M., Okada, M., p. 151, Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1982... 

The presmt paper reports on the glucosinolate content of several Brassica oilseeds and examines the effects of various detoxification methods, including alkanol/ammonia/water-hexane as an extraction medium for canola. The fate of glucosinolates in this process and possible methods for their elimination from the reaction medium is also presoited. 

Much research has been carried out towards devdoping detoxification methods for canola, rapeseed and thdr reflective meals. The detoxification methods rqwrted in the literature may be cat orized as ... 

Figure 8.14 Kinetics of the cadmium extraction by the RDE detoxification method.

Cantarella, M., CantareUa, L., GaUifiioco, A., Spera, A., Alfani, F., 2004. Comparison of different detoxification methods for steam-exploded poplar wood as a substrate for the bioproduction of ethanol in SHF and SSF. Process Biochemistry 39 (11), 1533—1542. 

Tundo, R, Perosa, A., Selva, M. Zinovyev, S. S. (2001). A mild catalytic detoxification method for PCDDs and PCDFs. Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 32, L1-L7, ISSN ... 

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