Disposal methods generation

Hexachloroethane and waste containing hexachloroethane are classified as hazardous wastes by EPA. Generators of waste containing this contaminant must conform to EPA regulations for treatment, storage, and disposal (see Chapter 7). Rotary kiln or fluidized bed incineration methods are acceptable disposal methods for these wastes. Underground injection may also be used (HSDB 1995). 

Pesticides have been used in large quantities for many years and during that time the wastes that have been generated were disposed of in various ways. Past practices have not necessarily been satisfactory, as previously noted however, it is also true that some of the disposal methods that were used fifty years ago are still in use today. 

The pesticide industry generates many concentrated wastes that are considered hazardous wastes. These wastes must be detoxified, pretreated, or disposed of safely in approved facilities. Incineration is a common waste destruction method. Deep well injection is a common disposal method. Other technologies such as wet air oxidation, solvent extraction, molten-salt combustion, and microwave plasma destmction have been investigated for pesticide waste applications. 

Data on the most commonly used disposal methods are sufficient (ERA 1981 HSDB 1994) however, estimates of amounts disposed of by each methods are needed. 1,3-DNB, 1,3,5-TNB, and the wastes generated in the manufacture of 1,3-DNB and 1,3,5-TNB are classified as ERA hazardous wastes and disposal must be carried out according to ERA regulations (HSDB 1994). 

Off-site waste disposal methods involve the transfer of solvent wastes to an alternative location before their treatment, reuse, or release into the environment. One such method commonly used both on- and offsite is incineration. Solvent wastes are often incinerated, especially when they contain toxic substances and pose long-term EHS risks if directly released. The process of waste incineration releases a large amount of CO2 into the environment, but often the heat generated from this process may be recovered for use within a plant. When contaminated... 

Requires annual certification by hazardous waste generators who operate onsite TSD facilities that they have a waste minimization program in operation. Further, they must certify that the treatment, storage, or disposal methods minimize threats to human health and environment. 

SFC provides complementary quantitative data to the structural information afforded by mass spectrometry. Thermally label materials such as isocyanates can be easily analyzed with minimal sample preparation. Supercritical carbon dioxide is nontoxic and can be obtained in high purity as measured by FID. The easy coupling of SFE with SFC makes the selective isolation and quantification of targeted analytes possible. Furthermore, we are in an age of increased environmental awareness. Solvent disposal is discouraged and has become very expensive. The waste disposal costs associated with supercritical carbon dioxide are negligible when compared to the solvent disposal costs generated by traditional Soxhlet methods. 

Uses and Methods of Disposal Concerning disposal, there are a number of strategies for dealing with spent bleaching earth, as summarized below Disposal as Generated... 

For radioactive effluent treatment, the relevant membrane processes are microfiltration, ulfrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, diffusion, and Donnan dialysis and liquid membrane processes and they can be used either alone or in conjunction with any of the conventional processes. The actual process selected would depend on the physical, physicochemical, and radiochemical nature of the effluents. The basic factors which help in the design of an appropriate system are permeate quality, decontamination, and VRFs, disposal methods available for secondary wastes generated, and the permeate. 

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