Dispersion petroleum

Use Solvent for resins, acetylene, etc., pigment dispersant, petroleum processing, spinning agent for polyvinyl chloride, microelectronics industry plastic solvent applications, intermediate. 

Water in Petroleum Steam Turbine Oils As before, where water was observed to respond differently in high detergent/dispersant petroleum oils when compared to synthetic polyol ester oils, water also shows a different IR response in lubricants and hydraulic oils containing emulsifier additives. The response is typified by a constant... 

Dispersed hydrocarbons in solid minerals and silts in the seas are similar to petroleum hydrocarbons. They are called dispersed petroleum or micro-petroleum. 

Oil Field Atomic Mean Mole- Dispersion Petroleum Asphaltenes Conradson ... 

Calcium lignosulfonate dispersant, petrochemical Ammonium polyaspartate dispersant, petroleum Nonoxynol-1 Nonoxynol-3 Nonoxynol-13 Nonyl nonoxynol-150 dispersant, petroleum industries Meroxapol 105... 

Trideceth-6 Trideceth-9 Trideceth-12 dispersant, petroleum prod. 

UNESCO (1984), Manual for Monitoring Oil and Dissolved/Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Waters and on Beaches. 

N2 Teric N4 Teric N5 Teric N6 Teric N9 Teric N10 Teric N15 Teric N30 Tetronic 50R1 Tetronic 90R4 Ultranex NP 100 dispersant, petroleum extraction Polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimeth-ylsiloxane Silwet L-7001 Silwet L-7500... 

CEDEPAL CO-210 Nonoxynol-4 Rho-dasutf BC-420 Serdox NES 3 Serdox NOL 2 Steareth-2 Steareth-10 Steareth-20 T-Det N-1.5 T-Det N-6 Trideceth-3 Trldeceth-6 Trldeceth-9 Trideceth-12 dispersant, petroleum waxes Sodium nonoxynol-4 sulfate dispersant, petroleum-based lubricants... 

Foam Control. Whereas some siUcones are known to be foam promoters, Dow Corning FS-1265 Fluid is a Hquid fluorosiUcone with effective antifoam properties. Petroleum industry appHcation of fluids and dispersions in gas—oil separators on offshore drilling platforms has been successful. Their use peaked in the early 1980s, coinciding with constrained cmde oil capacity and production. Diesel fuels are an excellent solvent for dimethyl silicones and render them ineffective as an antifoam. A new antifoam which does not require the use of added siUca is formulated from a fluorosiUcone copolymer. It has shown promise to antifoam (8) diesel fuel (see Defoamers). 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

Fluid mixing is a unit operation carried out to homogenize fluids in terms of concentration of components, physical properties, and temperature, and create dispersions of mutually insoluble phases. It is frequently encountered in the process industry using various physical operations and mass-transfer/reaction systems (Table 1). These industries include petroleum (qv), chemical, food, pharmaceutical, paper (qv), and mining. The fundamental mechanism of this most common industrial operation involves physical movement of material between various parts of the whole mass (see Supplement). This is achieved by transmitting mechanical energy to force the fluid motion. 

The Stratford Engineering Company s (Kansas City, Missouri) continuous SO organic mist sulfonation uses a high speed atomizing rotor to horizontally disperse the organic feedstock stream impinging on the reactor walls in the presence of SO gas to effect sulfonation of petroleum feedstocks (290). 

Petroleum sulfonates are widely used as solubilizers, dispersants (qv), emulsifiers, and corrosion inhibitors (see Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). More recentiy, they have emerged as the principal surfactant associated with expanding operations in enhanced oil recovery (66). Alkaline-earth salts of petroleum sulfonates are used in large volumes as additives in lubricating fluids for sludge dispersion, detergency, corrosion inhibition, and micellar solubilization of water. The chemistry and properties of petroleum sulfonates have been described (67,68). Principal U.S. manufacturers include Exxon and Shell, which produce natural petroleum sulfonates, and Pilot, which produces synthetics. 

A few industrial catalysts have simple compositions, but the typical catalyst is a complex composite made up of several components, illustrated schematically in Figure 9 by a catalyst for ethylene oxidation. Often it consists largely of a porous support or carrier, with the catalyticaHy active components dispersed on the support surface. For example, petroleum refining catalysts used for reforming of naphtha have about 1 wt% Pt and Re on the surface of a transition alumina such as y-Al203 that has a surface area of several hundred square meters per gram. The expensive metal is dispersed as minute particles or clusters so that a large fraction of the atoms are exposed at the surface and accessible to reactants (see Catalysts, supported). 

Plasticizers and Processing Aids. Petroleum-based oils are commonly used as plasticizers. Compound viscosity is reduced, and mixing, processing, and low temperature properties are improved. Air permeabihty is increased by adding extender oils. Plasticizers are selected for their compatibihty and low temperature properties. Butyl mbber has a solubihty parameter of ca 15.3 (f /cm ) [7.5 (cal/cm ) ], similar to paraffinic and naphthenic oils. Polybutenes, paraffin waxes, and low mol wt polyethylene can also be used as plasticizers (qv). Alkyl adipates and sebacates reduce the glass-transition temperature and improve low temperature properties. Process aids, eg, mineral mbber and Stmktol 40 ms, improve filler dispersion and cured adhesion to high unsaturated mbber substrates. 

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