Characterization of chlorine

Ader M, Coleman ML, Doyle SP, Stroud M, Wakelin D (2001) Methods for the stable isotopic analysis of chlorine in chlorate and perchlorate compounds. Anal Chem 73(20) 4946-4950 Ben Othman D, White WM, Patchett J (1989) The geochemistry of marine sediments, island arc magma genesis, and crust-mantle recycling. Earth Planet Sci Lett 94 1-21 Beneteau KM, Aravena R, Frape SK (1999) Isotopic characterization of chlorinated solvents-laboratory and field results. Organic Geochemistry 30(8A) 739-753... 

Jendrzejewski N, Eggenkamp HGM, Coleman ML (2001) Characterization of chlorinated hydrocarbons from chlorine and carbon isotopic compositions Scope of application to environmental problems. Appl Geochem 16(9-10) 1021-1031... 

Synthesis and Characterization of Chlorinated Rubber from Low-Molecular-Weight Guayule... 

THAMES KALEEM Synthesis Characterization of Chlorinated Rubber 233... 

Waidyanatha, S., Lin, P.-H. Rappaport, SM. (1996) Characterization of chlorinated adducts of hemoglobin and albumin following administration of pentachlorophenol to rats. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 647-653... 

Egner, P.A, Stansbury, K.H., Snyder, E.P., Rogers, M.E., Hintz, P.A., and Kensler, T.W. 2000. Identification and characterization of chlorin e4 ethyl ester in sera of individuals participating in the chlorophyllin chemoprevention trial. Chem. Res. Tox. 13 900-906. 

Dahlman O, Reimann A, Ljungquist P, Morck R, Johansson C, Boren H, Grimvall A (1994) Characterization of Chlorinated Aromatic Structures in High Molecular Weight BKME-Materials and in Fulvic Acids from Industrially Unpolluted Waters. Wat Sci Tech 29 81... 

Pohland, A.E., Yang, G.C. (1972) Preparation and characterization of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20(6), 1093-1099. 

Dahlman O., Reimann A., Ljungquist P., Morck R., Johansson C., Boren H., and Grimvall A. (1994) Characterization of chlorinated aromatic structures in high molecular weight BMKE materials and in fulvic acids from industrially unpolluted waters. Water Sci. Technol. 29, 81-91. 

Stewart, J.R. Synthesis and characterization of chlorinated bisphenol-based polymers and poly-carbodiimides as inherently fire-safe polymers. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 2000. 

Of the many achievements usually accredited to Davy, there are two in particular—the characterization of chlorine and iodine as elements— that we have not included because credit for these achievements is controversial. Accounts of these events often vary, depending... 

Philp [116] details the characterization of chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and petrol oxygenates, particularly methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). 

D. Characterization of Chlorinated Solvent Remediation with iron... 

Chen, K., Xie, S., Bell, A. T., and Iglesia, E. Alkali effects on molybdenum oxide catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. J. Catal 195,244-252 (2000). Liu, C., and Ozkan, U. S. Spectroscopic and structural characterization of chlorine loading effects on Mo/Si Ti catalysts in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. J. Phys. Chem. A 109,1260-1268 (2005). 

The treatment of unsaturated substances with halogen leads to addition to these molecules. This is true not only of bromine and chlorine vapor but also of the less reactive iodine. Substitution also occurs in the presence of light. Examples of such halogenations are listed in Table 12. Figure 32 illustrates the characterization of fluorescein in a bubble bath preparation. Bromination of the fluorescein in the start zone yields eosin. 

The detailed structures of P0X4 are unknown. Some properties are in Table 16.5. P0F4 is not well characterized. P0CI4 forms bright-yellow monoclinic crystals which can be melted under an atmosphere of chlorine, and PoBr4 has a fee lattice with aq = 560 pm. These compounds and P0I4 can be made by direct combination of the... 

The oxides of Br are less numerous, far less studied, and much less well characterized than the ten oxide species of chlorine discussed in the preceding section. The reasonably well established compounds are listed below. 

The second step of the bromination reaction in aprotic chlorinated solvents consists of the ionization of the CTC s, and leads to bromonium or bromocarbonium tribromide ion pairs. A direct evidence for the formation of bromonium-tribromide pairs is the isolation and X-ray structural characterization of the adamantylideneadamantane-bromonium tribromide species, obtained by Brown (ref. 13). 

We have studied the steady-state kinetics and selectivity of this reaction on clean, well-characterized sinxle-crystal surfaces of silver by usinx a special apparatus which allows rapid ( 20 s) transfer between a hixh-pressure catalytic microreactor and an ultra-hixh vacuum surface analysis (AES, XPS, LEED, TDS) chamber. The results of some of our recent studies of this reaction will be reviewed. These sinxle-crystal studies have provided considerable new insixht into the reaction pathway throuxh molecularly adsorbed O2 and C2H4, the structural sensitivity of real silver catalysts, and the role of chlorine adatoms in pro-motinx catalyst selectivity via an ensemble effect. 

Feng Y, KD Racke, J-M Bollag (1997) Isolation and characterization of a chlorinated-pyridinol-degrading bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 4096-4098. 

Alford-Stevens, A.L., T.A. Bellar, J.W. Eichelberger, and W.L. Budde. 1986. Characterization of commercial Aroclors by automated mass spectrometric determination of polychlorinated biphenyls by level of chlorination. Anal. Chem. 58 2014-2022. 

Onuska and Terry [14] have described a method for the determination of chlorinated benzenes in bottom sediment deposits. Sample preparation methods using Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction or steam distillation were compared. The chlorinated benzenes were characterized by open tubular column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. In recovery studies using sediments with different organic matter contents, the steam distillation method was the most efficient. Detection limits were in the range 0.4-10pg kgy1. 

Unlike petroleum hydrocarbons, organic compounds in general followed a different evolutionary path. Chlorinated solvents are a common group of organic compounds, and are also the most frequently encountered contaminant in groundwater. Common industrial chemicals that are characterized as chlorinated solvents include trichloro-ethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), tetrachloroethene (PCE) or perchloro-ethylene, chlorofluorocarbon (Freon)-113 (i.e., 1,1,2-trichloroethane or 1,2,2-tri-fluoroethane), and methylene chloride. In 1997, the EPA reported the presence of TCE and PCE in 852 of 945 groundwater supply systems throughout the United States and in 771 of 1420 Superfund sites. 

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