Lipoprotein subclasses and

Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Corella D, Otvos JD, Osgood D, Martinez A, et al. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk the Framingham study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2000 20 1323-1329. 

Mackey R.H, Kuller L.H, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Evans R.W, Holubkov R, Matthews K.A. Hormone therapy, lipoprotein subclasses, and coronary calcification The Healthy Women Study. Arch Int Med 2005 165 510-5. 

Supplementation of walnut in the diet of 13 postmenopausal women and five men also showed increased serum concentrations of linoleic acid (18 2co6) and a-linolenic acid (18 3co3), and decreased plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations [20]. Measurements of lipoprotein subclasses and particle size suggested that walnut supplementation lowered cholesterol preferentially in small LDL. However, the researchers of the same study also observed a decrease in HDL cholesterol concentrations, and they attributed it primarily to decreases of the large HDL particles [20]. 

Austin MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Willett WC, Krauss RM (1988) Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. J Am Med Assoc 260 1917-1921... 

Eckardstein Avon, Huang Y, Assmann G (1994) Physiological role and clinical relevance of high-density lipoprotein subclasses. Curr Opin Lipidol 5 404-416... 

G4. Gidez, L. I, Miller, G. J., Burstein, M., and Eder, H. A., Analyses of plasma high density lipoprotein subclasses by a precipitation procedure Correlation with preparative and analytical ultracentrifugation. In Report of the High Density Lipoprotein Methodology Workshop (K. Lippel, ed.), pp. 328-340. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. NIH publication No. 79-1661, Bethesda, Md., 1979. 

Superko, H.R. and Krauss, R.M. 2000. Garlic powder, effect on plasma lipids, postprandial lipemia, low-density lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipoprotein(a). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35, 321-326. 

Dreon, D.M. et al.. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a reduced-fat diet in men, FASEB J., 8, 121, 1994. 

Although apoE was recognized first as a component of VLDLs (Shore and Shore, 1973 Shelburne and Quarfordt, 1974 Utermann, 1975 Kane et al., 1975), it has been demonstrated to be present in most other lipoprotein classes as well. In addition to occurring in the other triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, chylomicrons and their remnants, and the intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDEs), apoE is present in a subclass of the cholesterol-rich high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), referred to as HDL-with apoE (Mahley, 1978). By use of SDS-PAGE (Fig. 6), the Mr 34,200 apoE is easily distinguished from the other common apolipoproteins that also are present in the various human lipoprotein classes. 

Density gradient ultracentrifugation is used to measure hpoprotein subclasses it is performed in a vertical rotor with measurement of cholesterol continuously in the fractions eluted from the gradient. Mathematical curve resolution derives the component lipoprotein profiles and allows calculation of their cholesterol concentrations. The method can determine concentrations of VLDL, IDL, LDL, Lp(a), and HDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol subclasses can be expressed separately or combined to give a measurement similar to that provided by the Friedewald equation or beta-quantification. A disadvantage is that the procedure is technically demanding and requires instrumentation not usually available in clinical laboratories. 

Effects of stearic (SA), linoleic (LA) and oleic acids on the serum lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects were tested on 45 subjects using three experimental diets (Thijssen and Mensink, 2005). The diets provided 38% of energy from fat, of which 60% was supplied by the experimental fats. The dietary compositions of the diets were the same, except for 7% of energy which was provided by SA, OA or LA. Interestingly, no significant diet-induced changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins were found and the LDL, HDL and VLDL particle sizes and lipoprotein subclass distributions also did not differ significantly between the three diets. It was concluded that with realistic intakes of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids the differences between their effects on the serum lipoprotein profile are small. 

Ndthig-Laslo, V., and Knipping, G., 1982, Surface structure of the two porcine low density lipoprotein subclasses. A spin labelling study. Submitted to Biochemistry. 

Abbreviations are VLDL, very low density lipoproteins IDL, intermediate density lipoproteins LDL, low density lipoproteins HDL, high density lipoproteins HDL and HDL, subclasses of HDL that have densities of 1.063-1.125 and 1.125-1.120 respectively DNS, dimethylaminonaphthyl LCAT, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase DMPC, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine PPOPC, l-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl phosphatidylcholine GdmCl, guanidium chloride LAP, lipid associating peptide and PNA, 9(3 -pyrenyl)nonanoic acid. 

Wang, H. Han, C. Wang, H. Jin, Q. Wang, D. Cao, L. Wang, G. Simultaneous determination of high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein subclass in human serum by microchip CE. Chromatographia 2011, 74,799-805. 

The best-known effect of APOE is the regulation of lipid metabolism (see Fig. 10.13). APOE is a constituent of TG-rich chylomicrons, VLDL particles and their remnants, and a subclass of HDL. In addition to its role in the transport of cholesterol and the metabolism of lipoprotein particles, APOE can be involved in many other physiological and pathological processes, including immunoregu-lation, nerve regeneration, activation of lipolytic enzymes (hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase), ligand for several cell receptors, neuronal homeostasis, and tissue repair (488,490). APOE is essential... 

Apolipoproteins The apolipoproteins associated with lipoprotein particles have a number of diverse functions, such as providing recognition sites for cell-surface receptors, and serving as activators or coenzymes for enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Some of the apolipoproteins are required as essential structural components of the particles and cannot be removed (in fact, the particles cannot be produced without them), whereas others are transfered freely between lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins are divided by structure and function into five major classes, A through E, with most classes having subclasses, for example, apo A-l and apo C-ll. [Note Functions of all of the apolipoproteins are not yet known.]... 

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