Disease prevention vitamin

Vitamin E, a natural antioxidant, is essential for growth, disease prevention, tissue integrity and reproduction in all fauna. Natural vitamin E, as it occurs in plants, consists mainly of a-tocopherol (III, R = H) with minor amounts of y-tocopherol (IV), although this ratio can vary as for example in the vegetable oil composition shown in Fig. 5a. In animal husbandry, such as dairy farms or cattle feed lots, the stock diets are commonly supplemented with vitamin E, because processed grain-based cereal fodder, hay, and silage are deficient in vitamin This results in higher levels of a-tocopherol... 

Fairfield KM, Fletcher RH. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults scientific review. JAMA 2002 287(23) 3116-26. 

Sies, H.. J. Bug, E. Grossi, A. Poll, and R. Paoletti Vitamin C, The State of the Art Disease Prevention Sixty Years after the Nobel Prize, Springer-Verlag. Inc., New York, NY, 1999. 

G Block, L Langseth. Antioxidant vitamins and disease prevention. Food Technol 48 80-84, 1994. 

The observation of a lower incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and certain types of cancers in the Mediterranean area led to the hypothesis that a diet rich in grain, legumes, fresh fruits and vegetables, wine in moderate amounts, and olive oil was beneficial to human health. To date, this effect has been mainly attributed to the low saturated fat intake of the Mediterranean diet and its high proportion of monounsaturates, which indeed may favorably affect the plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles. Nevertheless, other components of the diet, such as fiber, vitamins, flavonoids, and phenols, may play an important role in disease prevention, acting on different cardiovascular variables. 

Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study DATATOR Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Rarkinsonism FMC, Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey GISSI, Gruppo Italiano Studio Soprawivenza Infarto HOPE, Heart Outcome Prevention Evaluation HPFS, Health Professional Follow-up Study NHS, Nurses Health Study PPR Primary Prevention Project SPACE, Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of Cardiovascular disease in End-stage renal disease VEAPS, Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study VECAT Vitamin E Cataract Age-related maculopathy Trial. 

Traber, M.G. Frei, B. Beckman, J.S. 2008. Vitamin E revisited do new data validate benefits for chronic disease prevention Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 19 30-38. 

Gey KF (1995) Cardiovascular disease and vitamins. Concurrent correction of subopti-mal plasma antioxidant levels may, as important part of optimal nutrition, help to prevent early stages of cardiovascular disease and cancer, respectively. Biblio Nutritio etDieta 52, 75-91. 

A recent survey of consumer attitudes and viewpoints found that the majority of U.S. consumers believe that natural substances in food can play a role in disease prevention (104). The designer foods movement to modify food components is broad and promotes increased uses of natural source phytochemicals bioflavonoids fiber, calcium, and/or vitamin-enriched milks and cereal products probiotic yogurt, and isotonic beverages in addition to meat and eggs (105). 

Lipid nutritional supplements have been in use before the term nutraceutical was coined. Products such as fish oils, shark cartilage, shark liver oil, and vitamins have been in the market since the beginning of the twentieth century. Some of the health claims of these products lacked strict scientific documentation in the past, and their curative properties were mostly anecdotal. However, today there is a better understanding of the biological properties of lipids and their application has extended to combined pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields such as disease prevention and treatment, excipients and coadjuvants, frawi-dermal carriers, and skin emolliency agents. This has led to the development of bioactive cosmetic and pharmaceutical products whose name has recently been coined as cosmeceuticals. 

Some of the more recent publications about trace elements, trace minerals, or ultratrace elements or minerals, also described as micronutrients, include Micronutrients in Health and Disease Prevention, edited by Adrianne Bendich and C.E. Butterworth Trace Elements in Nutrition of Children, edited by Ranjit Kumar Chandra and Trace Elements, Micronutrients and Free Radicals, edited by Ivor E. Dreosti. The latter reference raises the important question of the undesirable health effects of the chemical agents called free radicals, and their control or eradication by such vitamins as E, C, and beta-carotene. There is a history of the health effects of trace elements going back to Henry A. Schroeder, who in the early 1970s wrote Trace Elements and Man Some Positive and Negative Aspects and also The Poisons Around Us Toxic Metals in Food, Air, and Water. Even further back there was Karl... 

Pyridoxine is produced naturally by most plants and animals in sufficient amounts to prevent vitamin B6 deficiency diseases. It is also produced synthetically by a complex series of reactions that begins with isoquinoline (C9H7N). 

Unlike the situation for conventional nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, where the role in disease prevention and recommended levels are both understood, the situation for phytochemicals remains obscure. Crucial decisions need to be made as to which secondary metabolites, individual or group, should be manipulated, to what level(s), in which crops to facilitate optimum nutritional and health benefits. Given that attempts to increase, for example, brassica consumption generally founder on the rock of well-established food preferences, would it be better to enhance sulforaphane levels in brassicas or to introduce the relevant genes and controls into other, more widely consumed species Of course, one option does not exclude the other. 

Schorah, C.J., Vitamin C and gastric cancer prevention, in Vitamin C the State oftheArt in Disease Prevention Sixty Years after the Nobel Prize, Paoletti, R., Sies, H., Bng, J., Grossi, E., and Poli, A., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Milan, 1998, p. 41. 

Prevention of Atherosclerosis, Cancer, Fibrosis, and Neurodegenerative Diseases by Vitamin E... 

Products and Uses A group of substances that occur naturally in fruits, grains, and vegetables. They are not required for body functioning as vitamins and minerals are. Recent research has shown them to be beneficial to the body as cancer and heart disease preventatives. Some that have been in use for years are quinine and digitalis. More recent discoveries include lycopene from tomatoes and the isoflavones from soybeans. 

Vitamins and Folate Fortification in the Context of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention... 

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