Primary Prevention Project

Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project (2001) Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk a randomised trial in general practice. Lancet 357 89-95... 

Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study DATATOR Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Rarkinsonism FMC, Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey GISSI, Gruppo Italiano Studio Soprawivenza Infarto HOPE, Heart Outcome Prevention Evaluation HPFS, Health Professional Follow-up Study NHS, Nurses Health Study PPR Primary Prevention Project SPACE, Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of Cardiovascular disease in End-stage renal disease VEAPS, Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study VECAT Vitamin E Cataract Age-related maculopathy Trial. 

The PPP (Primary Prevention Project) study [15] was a randomized, controlled (no placebo), open trial investigating low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily) in 4,495 subjects (42.5% males) with one or more cardiovascular risk factors. Follow-up was 3.6 years. Aspirin was found to lower the frequency of all the end points, being statistically significant for cardiovascular death (relative risk 0.56), and total cardiovascular events (relative risk 0.77), with non-significant reduction in myocardial infarction (relative risk 0.69) and stroke (risk reduction 0.67). Seven hundred and forty-two diabetics (17%) were included in the study but no separate information on this subgroup is provided in the original publication. 

Avanzini F, Palumbo G, AUi C, RoncagUoni MC, Ronchi E, Cristofari M, Capra A, Rossi S, Nosotti L, Costantini C, Pietrofeso R. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP)-H3 rtension stucfy. Effects of low-dose aspirin on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in treated h3 ertensive patients. Am J Hypertens (2000) 13,611-16. 

Outcomes Prevention Evaluation, and the Primary Prevention Project, have been largely disappointing in that they have not shown the expected benefits. These studies are summarized in Table 4. 

ATBC, Alpha Tocopherol Beta Carotene Prevention Study CARET, Beta Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial LCPS, Linxian Cancer Prevention Study PHS, Physicians Health Study PPP, Primary Prevention Project SCPS, Skin Cancer Prevention Study VACP, Vitamin A and Cancer Prevention WHS, Women s Health Study CHD, Coronary Heart Disease CVD, Cardiovascular disease. 

An average of 4 years of supplementation with 400 lU of vitamin E per day was found to exert no beneficial or harmful effect on CVD outcomes or on nephropathy. The Primary Prevention Project trial found no effect of vitamin E (300mg/day) supplementation for 3 or 4 years in diabetic subjects, and the Heart Protection Study, which included a number of people with diabetes, also reported no benefit of a combination of antioxidant vitamins on mortality or incidence of vascular disease. 

Although numerous cases have been documented where petroleum refineries have simultaneously reduced pollution outputs and operating costs through pollution prevention techniques, there are often barriers to their im-plementation. The primary barrier to most pollution prevention projects is cost. Many pollution prevention options simply do not pay for themselves, or the economics often appear marginal. Corporate investments typically must earn an adequate return on invested capital for the shareholders and some pollution prevention options at some facilities may not meet the requirements set by company policies. 

The recent completion of the Coronary Drug Project, a secondary prevention trial in men with a proven previous myocardial infarction, failed to show an effect for nicotinic acid or clofibrate on either plasma cholesterol levels or mortality.16 A primary prevention trial of cholestyramine resin in Type II hyperlipoprotelnemic men is in progress.17 Hypolipidemic agents which are more effective than nicotinic acid and clofibrate are... 

In this phase of the toller selection process, we assume the long list became a short list and now one or more candidate tollers from the short list will be given an opportunity to prepare a commercial bid. This by no means indicates the short listed tollers are perfect. There may be deficiencies that need to be corrected in concert with the client. With proper effort, one will be successful and be engaged for the toll. Sometimes it is appropriate to decide on a backup toller, as complications can develop that prevent the primary candidate from executing the project as originally planned, due to an incident in their plant, departure of key personnel, or unexpected production demands on the toller. 

To prevent the laboratory from intentionally making field duplicate data look comparable to the primary sample data, fictitious sample numbers are assigned to field duplicates to conceal their identity. Once analytical results have been obtained from the laboratory, the project team, who has the information on the field duplicate s real identity, will compare the field duplicate and the corresponding primary sample results. 

The primary goal in performing a HAZOP study is to identify, not analyze or quantify, the hazards in a process. The end product of a study is a list of concerns and recommendations for prevention of the problem, not an analysis of the occurrence, frequency, overall effects, and the definite solution. If HAZOP is started too late in a project, it can lose effectiveness because ... 

The PHARE project 2.08/95 Prevention of inadvertent primary circuit boron dilution will start. The Paks NPP will be the main beneficiary, the Dukovany NPP as well as Bohunice NPP will also benefit from this work.. 

Our work during the project is part of a concerted effort of various European groups to unravel the mechanism of tropospheric oxidation of aromatics. A lot of kinetic, mechanistic and analytic data have been produced, especially concerning (i) the first primary steps of the mechanism (abstraction and addition) (ii) the nature and the yield of intermediate or final oxidation products. Also, it appeared that "standard" reaction schemes for oxidation (Le. like those for alkanes) are not applicable to aromatics this specificity of the latter prevented us from presenting a clear picture of the oxidation mechanism and requires new investigations. 

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