Discover Voyager

Fig. 3.22 Available variations of the CEM Discover platform BenchMate, Voyager, Investigator, and Explorers (clockwise). 

The term vitamin is a misnomer, the name means vital amines, and while vitamins are essential for life they are not, as was originally supposed, amines. Most vitamins were discovered as a result of a deficiency disease produced by a restricted diet. Long voyages on sailing ships with a diet composed of ship s biscuit, dried beans, dried peas and salted meat produced scurvy. In the worst cases the whole crew were affected, but the ship s officers tended to be less severely affected. 

In a letter describing the second voyage, Dr. Chanca, physician to the fleet of Columbus, wrote that the Indians beat the gold into very thin plates, in order to make masks of it.. . . It is not the costliness of the gold that they value in their ornaments, but its showy appearance.. . . It appears to me that these people put more value upon copper than gold (107). The gold mines of Cibao in the interior of Haiti [Hispaniola] were discovered by Alonso de Ojeda in 1494 (108). 

Christopher Columbus wrote in 1503, on his fourth voyage to the West Indies, Some of the people whom I discovered were cannibals.. . . They say that there are great mines of copper in the country, of which they make hatchets and other elaborate articles, both cast and soldered they also make of it forges, with all the apparatus of the goldsmith, and crucibles (107). 

Solid CH4 on Triton and Terrestrial Methane Hydrate. - 5.4.1 Radicals in Solid CH4 and on Triton. Methane (CH4) and nitrogen are gaseous molecules on Earth but are frozen and solids under the lowest temperature of 37K at Triton, a satellite of Neptune. Craters of solidified CH4 and N2 and black smoke consisting of gaseous N2 and solid CH4 were discovered by the Voyager II a few km above the ground volcanic eruptions in 1989. 

This process confers the uniqueness, peculiarity, and specificity of Madeira wine. It is meant to simulate the effects of a long sea voyage of aging barrels through tropical climates. As noted, the benefits of this exposure were discovered in the seventeenth century, where casks of Madeira were stored in the warm, humid holds of sailing ships for months at a time. It led to the employment of the technique of baking used today. 

A 20-fold scale-up has been performed using a more polar solvent (BTF), going from a 10 mL to an 80 mL vessel in the Discover, 3 x 20-fold (60 mmol) by employing the Voyager SF, and 6 x 20-fold (120 mmol) by employing parallel rotors in the MARS and microSYNTH reactors. Similar results regarding yield and product purity were obtained with each platform, demonstrating that the success of the reactions is neither dependent on the equipment used nor on the scale applied (Scheme 7). 

Saturn s retinue of satellites is qualitatively quite different from Jupiter s fellow travelers. The system contains just one large satellite, Titan, which is virtually identical in bulk properties to Ganymede and Callisto. Titan s density, determined from Voyager observations, suggests a ice/rock composition and a probable differentiated interior by analogy with the Jupiter satellites. Titan s atmosphere, the first discovered for a planetary satellite, was detected in 1944 through identification of methane gas absorptions in its spectrum (Kuiper, 1944). 

Neptune s largest moon, Triton, was discovered within weeks of the discovery of the planet itself. It is one of the most distant objects in the solar system. Even the outermost planet, Pluto, and its moon, Charon, spend considerable time on their eccentric orbits closer to the Sun than Triton. Its nature remained a mystery until the advent of new astronomical methods in the 1970s and 1980s and the flyby of the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989. In many ways, it is a planetary body on the edge —on the outer edge of the main part of the solar system, and the inner edge of the realm of comets and the recently discovered Kuiper belt objects. As such, it shares some of the characteristics of the icy satellites of the rest of the outer solar system with some of the nature of the colder, more distant, cometary bodies. 

The geyser plumes discovered by Voyager make Triton the second outer planet satellite (after lo) with active volcanic eruptions (albeit extremely cold eruptions by terrestrial standards). They are relatively modest in size, rising 8 km above the surface before winds blow the top of... 

The tree is said to have been discovered in the Amazon or Orinoco basin at least 4000 years ago. Christopher Columbus was the first European to encounter the beans, during his fourth voyage to the New World in 1502, but he virtually ignored them. It was two decades later that the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes helped spread the valuable cocoa bean crop to the Caribbean and Africa, and then he introduced drinking chocolate into Spain in 1528. The cacao tree is now cultivated in West Africa, South America, Central America, and the Far East. At world level, the demand for cocoa is generally measured by reference to world grindings. The world grindings of cocoa beans in 2003/2004 approached three million metric tons. 

Pliny the Elder (a.d. 23-79) was a Roman naturalist who discovered, by studying marine biology, that some organisms had medicinal uses. One of his predecessors, Seneca (4 b.c.-a.d. 65)predicted that interest in the oceans would fade and a huge land would be revealed. We know, of course, that this prediction came true with the discovery of North America. A period of about 1,000 years followed when no new studies were done until the fifteenth century. Christopher Columbus performed oceanographic studies on his voyages. 

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