Fourth Voyage

On his fourth voyage, Columbus wrote in 1503 that in this land of Veragua [Panama] I saw more signs of gold in the first two days than I saw in Espanola [Haiti] during four years (107). 

Christopher Columbus wrote in 1503, on his fourth voyage to the West Indies, Some of the people whom I discovered were cannibals.. . . They say that there are great mines of copper in the country, of which they make hatchets and other elaborate articles, both cast and soldered they also make of it forges, with all the apparatus of the goldsmith, and crucibles (107). 

Additionally, in order to acknowledge some of the many contributors to this field who have died during the last decade, Peter Stafford has provided a roster of "Psychedelic Obituaries." To the many others, both living and dead, who do not appear in these pages but have nonetheless made unquestionably substantive contributions, we sincerely apologize. We hope we will someday be able to offer them berth on a fourth voyage of Psychedelics Encyclopedia. 

The tree is said to have been discovered in the Amazon or Orinoco basin at least 4000 years ago. Christopher Columbus was the first European to encounter the beans, during his fourth voyage to the New World in 1502, but he virtually ignored them. It was two decades later that the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes helped spread the valuable cocoa bean crop to the Caribbean and Africa, and then he introduced drinking chocolate into Spain in 1528. The cacao tree is now cultivated in West Africa, South America, Central America, and the Far East. At world level, the demand for cocoa is generally measured by reference to world grindings. The world grindings of cocoa beans in 2003/2004 approached three million metric tons. 

Perhaps the earliest account is an entry in the log of Columbus during his fourth voyage to the New World. In July 1502, off Yucatan, he intercepted a coastwise canoe loaded with products of agricultural commerce. Among them was cacao, one of the many unique vegetable legacies from the Americas (23). 

The second voyage of Vespucci from Lisbon, which he calls his fourth voyage, was undertaken for the discovery of Malacca, which he believed to be in 33" S. latitude, instead of 2 14 N. latitude, its real position. This is a pretty considerable error The narrative is full of spiteful and vindictive remarks about the commander of the expedition, whose name is not given. One vessel was lost off an island which appears to have been Fernando Noronha, and two others, with Vespucci, reached the coast of Brazil and entered a harbour, which was... 

It remains for me to relate the things I saw in the fourth voyage but as I am already tired, and as the voyage did not end as was intended, owing to an accident which happened in the Atlantic, as your Magnificence will shortly understand, I propose to be brief. We departed from this port of Lisbon with six ships, having the intention of... 

Ibid., 15-17. As Linda Henderson points out (Fourth Dimension, 119), this emphasis on humor only really appears in the later, beginning in 1923, editions of Pawlowski s Voyage. No matter Duchamp s more idle or anarchic humoristic exercises do date from the mid-1920s. 

Appendix B lists numerous uses of the fourth dimension, hyperspace, and wormholes in science fiction. For example, Carl Sagan in his novel Contact also uses the Kip Thorne wormholes to traverse the universe. The television shows Star Trek The Next Generation, Star Trek Voyager, and Star Trek Deep Space Nine have all used wormholes to travel between faraway regions of space. In Star Trek Deep Space Nine, a station stands guard over one end of a stable wormhole. 

This manual is divided into four parts. The first part is introductory. The second is a step-by-step description of a psychedelic experience based directly on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. The third part contains practical suggestions on how to prepare for and conduct a psychedelic session. The fourth part contains instructive passages adapted from the Bardo Thodol, which may be read to the voyager during this session, to facilitate the movement of consciousness. 

The sensitive guide will be ready to pick up, on any cue, that the subject is wandering in the fourth vision. If the voyager s eyes are open (indicating visual reactions), he can read the Instructions for Vision 4. 

Cocoa was already known in Mexico as early as 1500 BC. Christopher Columbus brought the plant to Europe after his fourth American voyage in 1502, but the drink made from cocoa was first tasted only in 1528 by Spanish conquistador Heman Cortes. Chocolate drink first appeared in Spain in 1544, cocoa trade began between Seville and Veracruz in 1585. Therefore, caffeine in cocoa made its first European appearance before caffeine from coffee or tea did (Fig. 2.35). 

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