Discharge from leaks

Waste Treatment. Environmental concerns have increased the need to treat Hquid discharges from all types of industrial processes, as well as mnoffs where toxic substances appear as a result of leaks or following solubilization (see Wastes, industrial). One method of treatment consists of an ion-exchange system to remove the objectionable components only. Another involves complete or partial elimination of Hquid discharges by recycling streams within the plant. This method is unacceptable unless a cycHc increase in the impurities is eliminated by removing all constituents prior to recycling. 

Mathematical models are also used for estimating releases, but these are usually relatively simple. For example, if it is known that X kg of a chlorofluorocarbon is manufactured annually, and Y percent enters spray cans, and Z percent of a spray can is usually left unexhausted, then XY(100-Z)/10 kg of that CFC are released to the atmosphere per year. The average discharge rate (kg/sec) nationwide then can be computed easily. (For simplicity in this example, we ignore the contributions from leaking discarded cans and changes in production and use levels.)... 

Acid treatment of lubricating oils produces acid-bearing wastes occurring as rinse waters, sludges, and discharges from sampling, leaks, and shutdowns. The waste streams are also high in dissolved and suspended solids, sulfates, sulfonates, and stable oil emulsions. 

Compounding Washdown, spills, leaks, discharges from wet air pollution equipment Solids from soapstone dip tanks oil from seals in roller mills oil from solids from Banbury seals sohds from air pollution equipment discharge... 

If there is a pinhole in the glass which is sufficiently large, it will attract the discharge from the Telsa coil in the form of a long blue spark which ends on the glass surface at the pinhole in a sharp, blue-white point fortunately, leaks too small to be detected by the Tesla discharge are extremely rare. 

An increasing amount of contamination results from landfills, leaking containers, and accidental spills. Many of the contaminants are volatile and amenable to aeration. A twofold approach can be used either clean the water supply or clean the contamination source. When a highly concentrated contaminant is aerated through a packed tower, then air pollution from the aeration process becomes a concern. Air discharge from the packed tower must be collected and treated. 

A rotary-piston pump is an oil-sealed, positive-displacement vacuum pump. The oil both lubricates the pump and seals the discharge from the suction side of the pump. As the piston rotates, gas enters a chamber, as shown in Figure 5.2. Then, the inlet port closes, and the gas is compressed in the chamber until the discharge valve opens, exhausting the gas to the atmosphere. Possible contamination of the oil with condensable vapors, usually water, is a problem. One way condensation can be avoided is by reducing the partial pressure of the condensable gases by allowing air to leak into the cylinder, which is called a gas ballast. 

Passage of CF3OF over a cold-glow electrical discharge (from a vacuum "leak tester" of the Tesla-coil variety) immersed in a metallic vessel caused decomposition into COFj (0.38 mol per mol of CF3OF), Fj, CF, CO3, Oj and fluorocarbons [1649]. 

The contamination of the environment by toxic substances is linked both to industrialization and to intensive agriculture. Xenobiotics reach the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems from discharges and leaks of industrial products, consumer waste and urban sewage, from farming and forestry runoff, and from accidental spills. 

Radionuclides in groundwater are identified and quantified to determine sources of discharges or leaks into the ground. They can indicate the presence of radionuclides in subsurface soil, and predict radionuclide concentrations in surface water reached by groundwater. Groundwater usually is collected from wells that have been drilled... 

There is turbulence, if Re > 2,300 and hydraulic roughness, if Re > 1,300. Below an example for the stationary discharge from a pipe leak is given. Non-stationary problems in which the internal pressure pi decreases because of loss of fluid can be treated in analogy to the flow diagram of Fig. 10.9. Then the relationships for gas used there have to be replaced by those for liquids from Example 10.3. 

The temperature drop during depressurization causes icing, a fact to be accounted for in the design of the vessel. The procedure can be applied as well to the discharge from a nozzle. If the leak were to be downstream from a shut-off valve, it could only be isolated, if the design of the valve were to allow its functioning at low temperatures and with icing. ... 

Asphyxiation (from leaking gas or massive discharge) Escape of high-pressure, reactive, flammable, cryogenic, or toxic gas... 

Leak-tight rooms housing primary circuit related systems. Bubbling of emergency discharges from the primary circuit and from the related rooms. 

Workers handling lacrimators may acquire an irritant eczematous dermatitis, especially in areas where there is friction, as at the neck and waist. Most areas of the skin may be subject to irritant dermatitis from chloracetophenone and CS (Maibach and Mar-zulli 1971). Localized occupational dermatitis in police officers has been reported on the hip near the belt line from leaking or self-discharging tear gas canisters or holsters (Rietschel and Fowler 1995). 

On one unit, high pressure drop was observed. The operators suspected a plugged condenser sulfur seal leg. They opened a drain on the condenser with the intent of drawing off excess sulfur. Steam, not sulfur, discharged from the drain. Six days later, the plant shut down with a giant leak in the high-pressure boiler lube sheet. 

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