Solid oxygen

Trace impurities in the feed streams can lead to combination of an oxidant with a flammable material (e.g. acetylene in liquid oxygen, solid oxygen in liquid hydrogen) and precautions must be taken to eliminate them. 

FIGURE 35.1 Oxygen (solid line) and hydrogen (dashed line) density profiles from a simulation of water close to a Pt(100)-water interphase. (From Berkowitz et ah, 1999, with permission from CRC Press LLC via CCC.)... 

The process of oxygen removal from the metal-oxygen solid solution via the formation of carbon monoxide is known as carbon deoxidation. The terms [0]M and [C]M denote the oxygen and the carbon dissolved in the metal to be refined, for example, vanadium. The extent to which carbon deoxidation can occur in a metal under given conditions of temperature and pressure can be estimated by using the following relationship ... 

C02 is useful in fighting fires because it is nonflammable and is about 1.5 times more dense than air. It therefore settles over a small fire like a blanket, separating the fire from its source of oxygen. Solid C02 (dry ice), which sublimes at — 78°C, is used primarily as a refrigerant. 

Figure 1. a. Illustration of the dipole layer formed at the palladium Silicon dioxide interface as a result of H interactions b. Schematic capacitance versus applied volt- age, (C-V), and parallel conductance at frequency 6 versus applied voltage, (G- V), for an n-type silicon based Pd MOSCAP in the presence of oxygen (solid line) and hydrogen (dashed line). 

Wilson AM, Xing W, Zank G, Yates B, Dahn JR. Pyrolysed pitch-polysilane blends for use as anode materials in lithium ion batteries II The effect of oxygen. Solid States Ionics 1997 100 259-266. 

Figure 10-7. (a) Snapshot of a QMCF MD simulation of Hg2+ in aqueous solution, (b) Hg(I)-oxygen solid line) and Hg(I)-hydrogen dashed line) radial distribution functions, (c, d) Coordination number distribution within the first shell for both Hg(I) atoms and associated exchange plots (e, f)... 

When char reacts with oxygen, solid product ash is formed and it adheres to the particle. Similarly, in the case of limestone, the solid product calcium sulfate adheres to the limestone particle. The change in the overall size of the particle depends on the amount of solid formed and is related to the amount of solid reactant consumed in the following manner ... 

The rest of the elements are nonmetals or semimetals. Nonmetals are different from metals in many ways. Most nonmetals are gases, like oxygen. Solid nonmetals are hard and brittle, like carbon. They break apart easily. Carbon is used to make some pencil tips. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetal. Semimetals have traits of both metals and nonmetals. 

The development of novel oxygen solid electrolytes conducting at temperatures below 800 °C is of major importance in the large-scale development of applications. 

Zhuiykov, S. (2000) Development of dual sulfur oxides and oxygen solid state sensor for fin situ measurements. Fuel, 79 (10). 1255-65. 

FIGURE 1.6 Conductivities of YSZ solid electrolytes at 1000°C versus yttria content ( ) before annealing and ( ) after 30 days of annealing. (Reprinted from Zhuiykov, S., Development of dual sulphur oxides and oxygen solid state sensor for in-situ measurements. Fuel 79 (2000) 1255-1265, with permission from Elsevier Science.)... 

Fig. 23. TPD experiment for deuterated formic acid adsorption on Cu(l10) (dashed lines) anti on Cu (110) with prcdoscd oxygen (solid lines). From Bowker and Madix (1981b).

Fig. 9. The Gibbs free energy of formation (AG) of a series of LnFe03 oxides from Ln203, metallic iron, and oxygen (solid lines) and the change of entropy (AS, dashed lines) as a function of the tolerance factor t. (Reprinted by permission from Ref. 122.)...

CHLORINATED LIME (7778-54-3) A strong oxidizer. Thermally unstable decomposes in elevated temperatures (above 350°F/176°C) or sunlight, releasing oxygen solid may explode. Solid or solutions slowly decompose on contact with air. Contact with moisture,... 

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