Dinoflagellates, bioluminescent

Hastings, J. W. (1987). Dinoflagellate bioluminescence biochemistry, cell biology, and circadian control. In Schoelmerich, J. (ed.), Biolumin. Chemilumin., Proc. Int. Biolumin. Chemilumin. Symp., 4th, 1986, pp. 343-350. Wiley, Chichester, UK. 

Stojanovic, M. N., and Kishi, Y. (1994a). Dinoflagellate bioluminescence the chromophore of dinoflagellate luciferin. Tetrahedron Lett. 35 9343-9346. 

Stojanovic MN, Kishi Y (1994) Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence - The Chromophore of Dinoflagellate Luciferin. Tetrahedron Lett 35 9343... 

The luciferins of all species of dinoflagellate are believed to be identical or very similar to each other (Hastings and Bode, 1961 Hamman and Seliger, 1972). However, the light yield of bioluminescence per cell differs significantly by the species, and certain species, such as Pyrocystis lunula, contain much more luciferin than other species, such as G. polyedra (Seliger et al., 1969 Swift and Meunier, 1976 Schmitter et al., 1976). Based on the luciferin content, P. lunula was chosen as the source of luciferin. 

Fig. 8.9 Possible mechanisms of the bioluminescence reaction of dinoflagellate luciferin, based on the results of the model study (Stojanovic and Kishi, 1994b Stojanovic, 1995). The luciferin might react with molecular oxygen to form the luciferin radical cation and superoxide radical anion (A), and the latter deproto-nates the radical cation at C.132 to form (B). The collapse of the radical pair might yield the excited state of the peroxide (C). Alternatively, luciferin might be directly oxygenated to give C, and C rearranges to give the excited state of the hydrate (D) by the CIEEL mechanism. Both C and D can be the light emitter.

DeSa, R., and Hastings, J. W. (1968). The characterization of scintillons. Bioluminescent particles from the marine dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polye-dra.J. Gen. Physiol. 51 105-122. 

Hamman, J. P., and Seliger, H. H. (1972). The mechanical triggering of bioluminescence in marine dinoflagellates chemical basis. J. Cell. Physiol. 80 397-408. 

Hastings, J. W. (1986). Bioluminescence in bacteria and dinoflagellates. In Govindjee, etal. (eds.), Light Emission by Plants and Bacteria, pp. 363-398. Academic Press, Orlando. 

Stojanovic, M. N. (1995). Chemistry of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence Dinoflagellate, Fungal and Davis Oxaziridine Systems, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Chemistry, Harvard University. 

Swift, E., and Meunier, V. (1976). Effects of light intensity on division rate, stimulable bioluminescence and cell size of the oceanic dinoflagellates Dissodinium lunula, Pyrocystis fusiformis and P. noctiluca. ]. Pbycol. 12 14-22. 

Other bioluminescent microorganisms such as dinoflagellates have some applications, but generally only for teaching purposes [243],... 

Latz, M.I., and Jeong, H.J. 1996. Effect of red tide dinoflagellate diet and cannibalism on file bioluminescence of the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium spp. Mar EcolProg Ser 132, 275-285. 

Chemiluminescence immunoassay,a technique that has rapidly gained popularity because its sensitivity is comparable to that of radioimmunoassay, is in a sense a variation of FIA. In the 1930s, the first work on chemiluminophores was published, but it was not until the 1980s that chemiluminescence was first tried in immunoassays. Due to the increased use of automated immunoassay analyzers, chemiluminescence has become one of the most common immunoassay detection methods used in the clinical laboratory setting. Chemiluminescence (also called bioluminescence when it occurs in fireflies and some dinoflagellates, coelente-rates, and fungi) is fluorescence. However, what is... 

Bioluminescence Observations in Isolated Plankters. The use of plankton chambers for the photoelectric recording of flash responses from luminescent dinoflagellates (35, 36), calanoid copepods, and other zoo-plankters (8, 37, 38) is not novel. Although artificial stimuli (electrical and condenser shocks or vacuum and formaldehyde-solution stimulation) were... 

However, oceanic bioluminescence in some regions is not due to dinoflagellates but to a number of zooplankton groups (28). The color of the bioluminescence from other organisms varies with taxonomic group (29-32). For an accurate calibration, both the phototube spectral sensitivity and the types of organisms being stimulated must be known. 

Iselin cruise. On all cruises, cells for calibration were collected in nearsurface waters so that cells would have high levels of bioluminescence (34). The dinoflagellates were collected late in the afternoon by net tows, isolated by pipette into filtered seawater, collected from the same depth, and held in 10-mL pipettes with enlarged tips. After several hours in the dark, and at the time of natural darkness, they were gently introduced a few at a time into the sample chamber intake of the bathyphotometer with the pump running. Batches of the same cells were assayed in the laboratory photometer after being isolated into 3 mL of filtered seawater, held several hours in darkness, and stimulated mechanically to exhaustion. 

Dissolved oxygen sensors, pH electrodes, or specific ion electrodes can be fitted, and a fluorometer for petroleum oils was developed from the chlorophyll sensor (sensitivity, 1 /xg of naphthalene/L). A solid-state bioluminescence sensor was developed (18) with a minimum detection of 5 x 10 W equivalent to about 10 quanta/s at 480 nm, sufficiently low for the detection of a single dinoflagellate flash (19). 

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