Differences between calculated and measured values

It should be noted that there is a great deal of information hidden in large factorial designs n = 16). When analysis shows that only a few factors are significant, the residuals (differences between calculated and measured values) may be analyzed.A small spread of residuals under certain conditions as opposed to others may indicates better reproducibility of the process or formulation under these conditions. An example of its pharmaceutical use is presented in the example of Menon et al. l... 

The disintegration times of the tablets were also measured. Mean values (5 tablets) for each experiment were given in table 9.2, along with the previously discussed hardness data. The disintegration times were also analysed according to the special cubic model. It was noted that there were (a) moderate differences between calculated and measured values in the case of the test points, and (b) negative disintegration times were predicted within part of the domain. 

We cannot really know the significance of the differences between calculated and measured values as none of the experiments was duplicated. The considerable variation in the disintegration times within the domain leads one to... 

By calculating the constant a additively for atomic and structural increments a good agreement with experimental results is obtained. In about half the cases investigated the difference between calculated and measured values of a amounted to less than 1 )er cent, and the variations in a due to temperature were small. B "... 

In most cases, graphical comparisons clearly show the existence or absence of systematic deviations between model predictions and measurements. It is evident that a quantitative measure of the differences between calculated and measured values is an important criterion for the adequacy of a model. Hence, the difference between the values of the objective function J achieved by considered meta-heuristic algorithms is negligible the d3mamics of the process variables (experimental data and modeled data) for FA-GA result, are presented only. 

The values of S and 8y were computed using Marquardt-Levenberg minimization of the differences between calculated and measured values. Values of 1 or less indicate decreased solubility. For CO2 the solubility curves in PS appear to require greater compensation for repulsive and attractive forces than do those in PLA. Furthermore, it appears to be more important to reconcile theoretical predictions from N2-PLA than from CO2-PLA. Further model studies, coupled with experimental data, would help better understanding the performance of these mixtures and the role of the repulsive and attractive contributions. 

However, Example 2.2 shows that the differences between calculated and measured values are considerable. Hence, whenever possible measured values are... 

To assess whether experimental data fulfill the Kramers-Kronig relations, one part of the impedance is calculated from the other part of the impedance, which has been experimentally determined. For example, the imaginary part can be calculated from the measured real part of the impedance using Eq. (41). The calculated imaginary part of the impedance can then be compared with the measured imaginary part of the impedance. Any difference between calculated and measured values would indicate a deviation from one of the conditions of linearity, causality, or... 

With the signal S detected and the reference emission spectra R known, the contributions A of the fluorophores in the sample are determined by calculating contribution values that most closely match the detected signals in the channels. This can be done by a least-square fitting approach that minimizes the square difference between calculated and measured values with the following set of differential equations ... 

The accuracy of the REPVICS code system has been checked against many measurements. One of the most interesting studies concerned samples scraped from the inner and outer surface of the pressure vessels of both Loviisa units. Some preliminary comparisons have also been made with data measured at the LR-0 zero power reactor in Rez (Czech Republic) [13]. All studies indicate that the calculation system is able to produce reliable results for fast fluxes and spectra up to at least the cavity outside the pressure vessel. The differences between calculated and measured values are less than 20% in many cases the agreement is much better [14]. 

The mass-loading effect of a gas was evaluated in a room-temperature pressure cell filled with helium (whose speed of sound, Vf, is 965 m/s at 0°C) at from 1 to 4 atmospheres gauge (Figure 3.47). A linear dependence of velocity on gas density was observed, as expected [62]. The discrepancy between calculated and measured values was thought to be due to insufficient thermal equilibration between measurements. In this application of the FPW device, there is no differ-... 

Initial values of the binary interaction parameters were obtained from vapor-liquid equilibrium data for ternary mixtures (9). These interaction parameters were then adjusted to minimize the difference between calculated and measured phase compositions for the three-phase equilibria measured at 50 C. 

Suppose the process of part 2 is run, the product gas is analyzed, and the mole fraction of water differs considerably from the calculated value. What could be responsible for the disparity between calculated and measured values (List several possibilities.)... 

The calculation of the a -vector according to the procedure given above should result in values which are mainly influenced by numerical problems with respect to the inversion process. However, neither the measured absorbances in the course of kinetic analysis nor the absorption coefficients obtained by calibration procedures are faultless. On the contrary these errors have to be taken into consideration in eq. (4.4) by an additional vector e which takes into account noise in measurement and errors in calibration. It is a residual vector. In consequence, by use of the measured absorbances, in the following the concentration vector obtained is used to recalculate absorbances. The difference between calculated and measured absorbances correlates to the residual vector... 

A first prediction attempt of GCxGC retention using this strategy was carried out by Beens et al. [10]. Retention times in the D column were calculated from those of n-alkanes and the analyte retention index. For the analyte retention times in D, k was first obtained by interpolation for the n-alkane series at the elution temperatures, the retention times f of these compounds were calculated using the corresponding holdup times, and then t Ri for the analyte was calculated from its RI at the elution temperature using Equation (3). Differences between calculated and experimental values were observed for D retention times, although predicted elution profiles were similar to the experimental patterns. A similar approach [27] used k values measured at several temperatures to obtain a better interpolation. The accuracy of the prediction of retention times was... 

The absolute values of the calculated vacancy-formation energy for fee metals nickel, copper, and palladium are in good agreement with the experimental data. The difference between predicted and measured values is less than 4%. The theoretical vacancy-formation energies for bcc metals vanadium, chromium, tantalum show larger discrepancies, up to 25-36%. For niobium, molybdenum, and tungsten the theoretical values are closer to the experimental ones. 

Wu et al. (2011) studied the long-time behavior of the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of the tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) pre-solution at different pH values with and without addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for various aging times using liquid H, C, and Si NMR spectroscopy. Domjan et al. (2010) analyzed proximity in a thermoresponsive host-guest gel system and the polymer-phenol distance using solid-state H- H CRAMPS NMR spectroscopy and rate matrix analysis. The best agreement between calculated and measured values was found with methyl-phenol and methyne-phenol distances 0.5 and 0.55 nm, respectively. 

They have combined these in a thermochemical cycle with hydration energies, estimated from the Bom equation, in order to estimate solvent exchange activation energies for D and 1 mechanisms. The results for metal ions with experimentally measured activation energies are given in Table. 3.17. For each of the 2+ ions, the smaller of the two calculated Aft values is 20 kJ mol larger than the experimental values. For the 3+ ions, the differences between calculated and experimental values are irregular the... 

Experimental determined data are situated between the two boundaries given by the series and the parallel model. There are different modifications to obtain a better correlation between calculated and measured values or to fill the space between the curves of the upper and lower boundaries through the variation of an additional parameter. Krischer and Esdom (1956) have combined the two fundamental models ... 

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