Phosphorus speciation

Recent trends in phosphorus speciation utilizing separation techniques considering HLPC, CE and gel electrophoresis in ICP-MS have been examined by Shah and Caruso.115 For speciation studies, ICP-MS of phosphorus is combined with a biomolecular mass spectrometric technique such as (ESI- or MALDI-MS).116-118... 

Sato, S., Solomon, D., Hyland, C., Ketterings, Q. M., and Lehmann, J. (2005). Phosphorus speciation in manure and manure-amended soils using XANES spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39,7485-7491. 

Toor, G. S., Peak, J. D., and Sims, J.T. (2005). Phosphorus speciation in broiler htter and turkey manure produced from modified diets. J. Environ. Qual. 34, 687-697. 

The exposure of soil to phosphorus aerosols will upset the pH of the soil and create a more acidic layer of soil. This decrease in pH often can exceed the buffering capacity of the surface layer of the soil depending upon the amount of applied phosphorus. This process can be mitigated by a larger soil volume area so that phosphorus speciation on a field scale will be minimal. The interaction of metals with phosphorus condensates could lead to their leachability and possible trace metal migration from the soil (Van Vorris et al. 1987). 

Coelho, J.P., Flindt, M.R., Jensen, H.S., Lillebo, A.I., and Pardal, M.A. (2004) Phosphorus speciation and availability in intertidal sediments of a temperate estuary relation to eutrophication and annual P-fluxes. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 61, 583-590. 

Spivakov, B. Ya., Maryutina, T. A., and Muntau, H. (1999). Phosphorus speciation in water and sediments. Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 2161-2176. 

Koopmans, C.F., Chardon, W.F., Dolfing, J., Oenema, O., van der Meer, P. and van Riemsdijk, W.H. (2003) Wet chemical and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of phosphorus speciation in a sandy soil receiving longterm fertilizer or animal manure applications. Journal of Environmental Quality 32, 287-295. 

Organic Phosphorus Speciation in Natural Waters by Mass Spectrometry... 

For example, while mass spectrometry has been one of the principal techniques used to develop a molecular understanding of many environmental processes, this is not true for organic phosphorus speciation, for which low concentrations, complex backgrounds, and polar, non-volatile target analytes make... 

We noted earlier that mass spectrometry had not been used to any extent in speciation studies of organic phosphorus in natural environments. Here we define phosphorus speciation as the determination of actual molecular formulas and structures of molecules containing phosphorus, and not the more commonly accepted, broad classes of phosphorus such as filterable reactive phosphorus, total filterable phosphorus, filterable organic phosphorus, etc. While a few studies have focused on particular classes of organic phosphorus, such as the inositol phosphates, we are not aware of any attempt to broadly speciate... 

Qualitative organic phosphorus speciation by electrospray ionization and ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry... 

In this chapter we have attempted to demonstrate that modern mass spectrometry techniques are poised to make a significant contribution towards improving our understanding of organic phosphorus speciation... 

Speciation of the trace concentrations of organic phosphorus compounds in aqueous samples. Robust yet sensitive techniques for organic phosphorus speciation are fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of all aspects of the phosphorus transfer process (see McKelvie, Chapter 1, this volume Cooper et al., Chapter 3, this volume). 

A number of tools have been used to specifically separate and quantify organic phosphorus species in the water column, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, chromatography and enzyme hydrolysis studies. Detailed reviews of phosphorus speciation techniques for environmental samples can be found elsewhere in this volume (McKelvie, Chapter 1 Cade-Menun, Chapter 2 Cooper et al.. Chapter 3). 

Low-pressure, weak anion-exchange chromatography has also been used to determine phosphorus speciation in aquatic samples (Baldwin, 1998, 1999 Baldwin et al.,... 

Sediments generally represent both the largest sink and the largest source of phosphorus in aquatic systems (Baldwin et al., 2002). Therefore, information on sediment phosphorus speciation is important in understanding the aquatic biogeochemistry of phosphorus. However, like soils, sediments typically consist of a complex mixture of clay, silt, sand, organic matter, various minerals, micro- and macro-organ-isms and water and therefore represent a potentially difficult medium in which to study phosphorus speciation. 

Traditionally, phosphorus speciation in sediments has been determined by sequential extraction techniques (e.g. Hieltjes and Lijklema, 1980 Ruttenberg, 1992). Sequential extraction, as the name implies, involves repeated extraction of a sediment sample with solutions of increasing chemical strength until (putatively) all the mater-... 

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