Diet with calcium supplement

C. Marine algal diet with calcium supplement 438... 

Supplement your diet with calcium, if necessary, to obtain the daily recommended intake. 

Dietary and pharmacologic agents influence the risk of colon cancer. Diets high in fat and low in fiber are associated with increased colon cancer risk, whereas the regular use of aspirin (and other NSAIDs) and calcium supplementation may decrease the risk of colon cancer. 

All individuals should have a balanced diet with adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D (Table 3-1). Table 3-2 lists dietary sources of calcium and vitamin D. If adequate dietary intake cannot be achieved, calcium supplements are necessary. 

The zinc contained in plants is not fully utilized by animals. Diets high in calcium and phosphorus have been associated with poor digestibility of dietary zinc. Diets with large amounts of soy protein are particularly likely to require extra zinc fortification for livestock. Meat is an important source of zinc for human diets. Where supplementation of zinc is indicated, zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, and zinc carbonate are commonly used. 

The primary roles and the recommended daily intake of major and trace minerals are listed in Table 38-3. Similar to vitamins, these minerals are typically obtained from dietary sources. Specific minerals may likewise be included in various multivitamins and other dietary supplements, with the intent that these minerals will promote good health and prevent disease. Again, there is generally no need for mineral supplements for most people eating a reasonably balanced diet. On the other hand, mineral supplements can be helpful in specific situations where the body s need for a mineral may exceed dietary supply. Some examples of appropriate supplementation include calcium supplements for people with osteoporosis (see Chapter 31), potassium supplements for people on diuretics (see Chapter 21), and iron supplements for people with certain anemias. Hence, mineral supplements may be helpful in certain individuals, but the dose and type of supplement should be adjusted carefully. 

Treatment of secondary osteoporosis varies depending on the actual disease process which has produced the osteoporosis, and may include adjustments to thyroid medication, dietary supplementation with calcium or vitamin D (which is involved in the ability of the intestine to absorb calcium in the diet), or other treatment of the primary disease. 

Calcium supplements, along with estrogen and calcitonin therapy, are commonly used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Bone loss dearly occurs with diets supplying under 400 mg Ca/day, Bone loss can be mirvimized with the consumpbon of the RDA for calcium. There is some thought that all postmenopausal women should consume lOOO to 1500 mg of calcium per day, an amount higher than the RDA, There is some evidence that such supplementation can reduce bone losses of the ulna but have no effect on spinal bone losses Smith and GiUigan, 1990),... 

Adequate calcium nutrition during childhood and adolescence is thought to be an important deterrent to osteoporosis in later life. A one-year study of 149 girls (8 years old) revealed the effects of consuming a typical diet (900 mg Ca/day) or a diet supplemented with an additional 850 mg Ca/day (Bonjour et ah, 1997). The Ca supplement was supplied by specially prepared biscuits, juices, and candy bars (rather than piUs) to assure compliance. To view some of the data, the density at the femoral diaphysis increased by 5% (unsupplemented) and by 6% (plus calcium) during the 1-year period. The density at the lumbar spine increased by 4% (unsupplemented) and by 4% (plus calcium). The data demonstrated a clear and definite increase in bone density at some sites, but not at others. This study, as well as others 0ohnston et ah, 1992), tend to show that calcium supplements to children can benefit bones of the appendicular skeleton, but not the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the pelvis, arm bones, and leg bones. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebra, ribs, and sternum. 

Chouinard et al. (1998) compared the results of feeding to Holstein cows, a control total mixed ration (TMR) with TMR supplemented with calcium salts of three fatty acids from oils with progressive degree of unsaturation— canola oil, soybean oil, or linseed oil. The digestibility of nutrients was higher for rations containing calcium salts than for the control ration. The milk yield increased in proportion to the degree of unsaturation in the feed supplement. The fat content in milk reduced in all the experimental diets as compared to the control. The addition of calcium salts to the ration decreased the proportions of SFA that contained C6-C16 and increased the proportions of C18 0, czs-9-C18 l, and fraHS-ll-C18 l in milk fat. These... 

Administration. Most children and adults do not ingest sufficient dietary calcium and require supplements (see Tables 88-5 and 88-6). Individuals with certain characteristics or conditions—such as lactose intolerance nondairy vegetarian diet malnutrition low-fat diets and glucocorticoid, antiresorptive, or parathyroid therapy—also require evaluation for calcium supplementation. To ensure adequate calcium absorption, 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations should be maintained in the normal range." ... 

The preceding statement is part of a growing calcium deficiency problem, evidenced as osteoporosis, especially among the elderly, and is apparently reason enough to take calcium supplements along with vitamin D, which is supposed to aid in the body s calcium fixation. Not only do the elderly have a problem with calcium requirements, but also with the absorption of other nutrients, even if sufficiently abundant in the total diet this is one of the many reasons geriatrics is such... 

Colon cancer. The colon is lined with a type of cell (epithelial cell) that is similar to those that form the outer layers of skin. Various studies have indicated that by-products of a high-fat diet are irritants to these epithelial cells and produce abnormal cell growth in the colon. Dr. Martin Lipkin, Rockefeller University in New York, and his colleagues have shown that calcium ions may bind with these irritants, reducing their undesirable effects. It is believed that a calcium-rich diet, low in fat, and perhaps use of a calcium supplement can prevent or reverse this abnormal colon cell growth, delaying or preventing the onset of colon cancer. 

---