Diesel fuel synthetic

Lubricants, Fuels, and Petroleum. The adipate and azelate diesters of through alcohols, as weU as those of tridecyl alcohol, are used as synthetic lubricants, hydrauHc fluids, and brake fluids. Phosphate esters are utilized as industrial and aviation functional fluids and to a smaH extent as additives in other lubricants. A number of alcohols, particularly the Cg materials, are employed to produce zinc dialkyldithiophosphates as lubricant antiwear additives. A smaH amount is used to make viscosity index improvers for lubricating oils. 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate [24247-96-7] serves as a cetane improver for diesel fuels and hexanol is used as an additive to fuel oil or other fuels (57). Various enhanced oil recovery processes utilize formulations containing hexanol or heptanol to displace oil from underground reservoirs (58) the alcohols and derivatives are also used as defoamers in oil production. 

Alternative fuels fall into two general categories. The first class consists of fuels that are made from sources other than cmde oil but that have properties the same as or similar to conventional motor fuels. In this category are fuels made from coal and shale (see Fuels, synthetic). In the second category are fuels that are different from gasoline and diesel fuel and which require redesigned or modified engines. These include methanol (see Alcohol fuels), compressed natural gas (CNG), and Hquefted petroleum gas (LPG). 

Engine manufacturers and oil refiners are researching and developing a synthetic blended diesel fuel. The many advantages of diesel power can be greatly improved by reducing the exhaust emission levels to comply with ever stricter EPA-mandated levels. 

HTFT syncrude is easier to refine to on-specification transportation fuels than LTFT syncrude. This is partly due to its olefinic nature, giving it considerable synthetic ability, and partly due to the large proportion of material already in the fuels boiling range (C5-360°C). Historically fuels refining from HTFT syncrude focused mainly on motor gasoline production and only to a lesser extent on diesel fuel production. Jet fuel production became possible only recently (2008) with the international qualification of fully synthetic jet fuel. 

The first step — hydrogenation of coal — was the same for fuels and rubber. Powdered coal suspended in oil was pumped under great pressure with hydrogen over a catalyst and was converted into a synthetic crude oil. From this crude oil came Leuna gasoline, diesel fuel, iso-octane for aviation gasoline, ethylene oxide, and many other synthetic products. Coal, treated with scalding steam, was also processed into methanol. 

Petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels are excluded from the definition of a hazardous substance, and the definitions of pollutants and contaminants under CERCLA this is known as the Petroleum Exclusion. Although the EPA has the authority to regulate the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant, the release of petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels from active or abandoned pits or other land disposal units is currently exempt from CERCLA. Such sites cannot use Superfund dollars for cleanup, nor can the EPA enforce an oil and gas operator, landowner, or other individual to clean up a release under CERCLA. Substances exempt include such materials as brine, crude oil, and refined products (i.e., gasoline and diesel fuel) and fractions. 

Synthetic FT diesel fuels can have excellent autoignition characteristics. The FT diesel is composed of only straight-chain hydrocarbons and has no aromatics or sulfur. Reaction parameters are temperature, pressure and H/CO ratio. FT product composition is strongly influenced by catalyst composition the yield of paraffins is higher with cobalt catalytic ran and the yield of olefins and oxygenates is higher with ironcatalytic ran. 

Catalysts and reactors have been extensively investigated for liquid phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (Davis, 2002). The synthetic Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel can provide benefits in terms of both PM and NO emissions (May, 2003). Properties of FT and No. 2 diesel fuels are given in Table 3.9. 

It was discovered in the late nineteenth century that coal can be incompletely burned to yield a gas consisting primarily of CO and H2, and many people were undoubtedly asphyxiated and kUled by explosions before these processes were harnessed successfully. We wfil see later that the use of a CO + H2 mixture (now called synthesis gas) for the production of chemicals has had an important role in chemical synthesis (it was very important for explosives and synthetic fuels in both World Wars), and it is now one of the most promising routes to convert natural gas and coal into liquid diesel fuel and methanol. We will describe these processes in more detail in later chapters. 

We next return to another reaction of a CO + H2 mixture, which we called synthesis gas or syngas. It has this name because it is used to synthesize many chemicals such as methanol. Another synthesis reaction from CO and H2 is a polymerization process called the Fisher Tropsch synthesis of synthetic diesel fuel. 

With completion of the 100 BPD MTO program, large scale testing will be completed for both steps of the MTO/MOGD process route, giving reliable scale-up information for a new and novel route for producing synthetic gasoline and diesel fuels. 

Total removal of phosphorus and sulfur would require the use of synthetic base-oils and new additive systems to provide antiwear antioxidation protection. Synthetic base-oil PAOs or esters have high values of viscosity improver VI and low temperature operating properties. The lubricants in diesel engines require a reduction in Ca carbonate-sulfonate concentrations. This may be less of a problem when ultra low sulfur diesel fuel is widely deployed, since a significant part of the requirement for these additives arises from the need to neutralize sulfur oxides from combustion processes. 

The Fischer-Tropsch technology produces a wide variety of products which can be narrowed to gasoline, diesel fuel, boiler fuel, distillate oil, and synthetic natural gas. 

Once the synthetic crude oils from coal and oil shale have been upgraded and the heavy ends converted to lighter distillates, further refining by existing processes need not be covered in detail except to note the essential character of the products. The paraffinic syncrude from oil shale yields middle distillates which are excellent jet and diesel fuel stocks. The principal requirements are removal of nitrogen to the extent necessary for good thermal stability of the fuels and adjustment of cut points to meet required pour or freeze points, limited by the presence of waxy straight-chain paraffins. The heavy naphtha from shale oil can be further hydrotreated and catalytically reformed to acceptable octane number, but with considerable loss of volume because of the only moderate content of cyclic hydrocarbons, typically 45-50%. On the other... 

GMD [Gas to Middle Distillate] A process for converting natural gas to diesel fuel or synthetic crude oil. The catalyst is cobalt and rhenium on alumina, used in a slurry reactor. Developed by Statoil in the 1980s. 

N. Horvat and E. T. T. Ng, Tertiary polymer recycling stndy of polyethylene thermolysis as a first step to synthetic diesel fuel. Fuel, 78, 459-470 (1999). 

C. T. O Connor, R. D. Forrester and M. S. Scurrellt, Cetane number determination of synthetic diesel fuels. Fuel 71, 1323-1327 (1992). 

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