Dibenzofurans, polybrominated polychlorinated

Loganathan BG, Kannn K, Watanabe, et al. 1995. Isomer-specific determination and toxic evaluation of polychlrinated biphenyls, polychlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated biphenyl ethers, and extractable organic halogen in carp from the Buffalo River, New York. Environ Sci Technol 29(7) 1832-1838. 

As polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are compounds with similar structures and monitoring methods, they are discussed together in this chapter. The structures of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and PBDEs are shown in Fig. 4.1. 

The toxicity, bioaccumulative potential, and ecological impact of organohalogenated substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated d iben zo -pa ra - diox i n s (PCDDs), or polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reviewed.95 98 All are referred to as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), that is, chemical substances that remain in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food chain, and pose a risk to human health and the environment. The international community is calling for action to reduce and then eliminate the production or formation of these substances and to monitor their emission. In this case, the detectability obtainable by analytical methods should be very low, since the limits established for these residues are in the ng per liter range. 

Analytes CB, chlorobenzenes DDE, l,l-dichloro-2,3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane DDT, l,l-dichloro-2,3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene DBF, decabromobiphenyls HBCD, Hexabromo-cyclododecane HpBB, heptabromobiphenyl PBB, polybrominated biphenyl PBCCH, pentabromochlorocyclohexane PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether PBT, Polybutylene terephthalate PCB, Polychlorinated biphenyl PBDD, polybrominated dibenzo-/ -dioxins PBDF, polybrominated dibenzofuranes PCN, polychlorinated naphthalenes PCP, polychlorinated phenols PBB, polybrominated biphenyl PeBDE, pentabromodiphenyl ether PET, Polyethylene terephthalate PXDDs, polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins PXDFs, polyhalogenated dibenzofurans TBBPA, tetrabromobisphenol A TBPA, tetrabromophthalic anhydride TCBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A TDBPP, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate. 

Schecter A, Papke O, Tung KC et al (2005) Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the US population current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Occup Environ Med 47 199 Shoeib M, Hamer T, Ikonomou M et al (2004) Indoor and outdoor air concentrations and phase partitioning of perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Sci Technol 38 1313-1320... 

Eljarrat E, De La Cal A, Larrazabal D, Fabrellas B, Femandez-Alba AR, Borrull F, Marce RM, Barcelo D (2005) Occurrence of polybrominated diphenylethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environ Pollut 136(3) 493-501... 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

Fig. 7 Generic chemical structures of polyhalogenated compounds. X=C1, Br. (I) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) (II) chlorophenols (CPs), bromophenols (BPs) (III) polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (IV) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PBDD) (V) polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polybrominated dibenzofuran (PBDF) (VI) tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)...

Polybrominated biphenyls (No. 152,1994) Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (No. 205,1998) Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls (No. 2,1976,1st edition) ... 

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-/ -Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Biphenyls, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in China ... 

Barring, H., Bucheli, T.D., Broman, D., Gustafsson, O. (2002) Soot-water distribution coefficients for polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers determined with the soot cosolvency-column method. Chemosphere 49, 515-523. 

Leung, A. O. W., Luksemhurg, W. J., et al (2007) Spatial distrihution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dihenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at... 

Cyanopropylphenyl methylpolysiloxane Disinfection by-products (derivatized aldehydes), polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers... 

Aryl halides tend to be chemically unreactive and include persistent environmental pollutants such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Many studies of the photochemistry of halogenated aromatic compounds have been stimulated by environmental concerns, the goal often being to understand whether photolysis is an important sink for these compounds in natural waters - or in the atmosphere.The photochemistry of aryl halides causes problems in this context because many aryl halides have minimal absorption in the region of the tropospheric solar spectrum (>295 nm), and experiments at environmentally irrelevant wavelengths such as 254 nm are... 

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