Diarrhea in children

Rothbaum R, McAdams AJ, Giannella R, Par-tin JC A clinicopathologic study of enterocyte-adherent Escherichia coli A cause of protracted diarrhea in children. Gastroenterology 1982 83 441-454. 

De Castro R, Domenichelli V, Di Lorenzo FP, Prestipino M, Perotta ML Rifaximin treatment for acute recurrent diarrhea in children with genitourinary disorders. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1999 59 746-752. 

Arvola T, Laiho K, Torkkeli S, Mykkanen H, Salminen S, Maunula L, Isolauri E Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections A randomized study. Pediatrics 1999 104 e64. 

Sommer, A., Katz, J., and Tarwatjo, 1. (1984). Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency. Am. ]. Nutr. 40, 1090-1095. 

Lebenthal, E., U. Khin-Maung, D. D. K. Rolston, et al. Composition and preliminary evaluation of a hydrolyzed rice-based oral rehydration solution for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. J Amer Coll Nutr 1995 14(3) 299-303. 

Agrimony is believed to possess mild astringent and diuretic properties. It is used to treat diarrhea in children, mucous colitis, grumbling appendicitis, urinary incontinence, cystitis, and as a gargle for acute sore throat and chronic nasopharyngeal catarrh. 

Meadowsweet is reputed to have stomachic, mild urinary antiseptic, antirheumatic, astringent, and antacid properties. Traditionally, it has been used for atonic dyspepsia with heartburn and hyperacidity, acute catarrhal cystitis, rheumatic muscle and joint pains, diarrhea in children, and specifically for the prophylaxis and treatment of peptic ulcers. 

Fischer TK, Bresee JS, Glass RI (2004), Rotavirus vaccines and the prevention of hospital acquired diarrhea in children, Vaccine 22( Suppl 1) S49—54. 

Sarker, S.A., Casswall, T.H., Mahalanabis, D., Alam, N.H., Albert, N.J., Briissow, H., Fuchs, G.J., and Hammarstrom, L. 1998. Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunised bovine colostrum. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17, 1149-1154. 

Alam, N., Meier, R., Schneider, H., Sarker, S., Bardhan, R, Ma-halanahis, D., et al. (2000). Partially hydrolyzed guar gum-supplemented oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 31 (5), 503-507. 

Hirschhom, N. (1980), The treatment of acute diarrhea in children An historical and physiological perspective. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 637-663. 

Leibovitz E, Janco J, Piglansky L, Press J, Yagupsky P, Reinhart H, Yaniv I, Dagan R. Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000 19(ll) 1060-7. 

There will stxin be a new roluvims vaccine included in Ihe Recommended Childhood Immunization schedule. This vaccine is used to provide immunity against roluvims. the mo.sl common cau.se of severe diarrhea in children in the Unilcd Slates. All children have at least one roluvims infection in Ihe first 5 years of life, and there arc about 20 deaths per year in this country. Children between the ages of 3 and 24 months of age have the highest rates of. severe disease and hospitalization. The nilavims vaccine is an oral vaccine, given as a scries of three doses. It is recommended that the vaccine be administered at 2. 4. and 6 months of age. The most common side effect seems lo be fever. 

Isolauri, E., Juntunen, M., Rautanen, T., Sillanaukee, R, and Koivula, T. A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp. strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics, 88, 90,1991. 

Duggan C, Santosham M, Glass Rl. The management of acute diarrhea in children Oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR 1992 41 1-20. 

Laboratory abnormalities such as increased packed red blood cell volume and total protein, magnesium, and calcium levels are a result of hemoconcentration. Hypoglycemia, seizures, fever, and mental alterations are seen more often in children, perhaps as a reflection of the greater degree of dehydration and electrolyte losses observed with diarrhea in children. Other complications include metabolic acidosis, prerenal azotemia, iatrogenic water intoxication from overrehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. Children, the elderly, and pregnant women are at an increased risk of complications due to cholera. 

Indications Spleen/kidney vacuity cold, prolonged diarrhea and dysentery. Chronic colitis, chronic diarrhea in children, Crohn s disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic dysentery, celiac syndrome, and pancreatic dysfunction... 

In the United States, nitazoxanide is currently available only as an oral suspension. It is approved for the treatment of G. intestinalis infection in children under the age of 12 (therapeutic efficacy of 85 to 90% for clinical response) and for the neattnent of diarrhea in children under 12 caused by Cryptosporidia (therapeutic efficacy ranging from 56 to 88% for clinical response). The efficacy of nitazoxanide in children (or adults) with Cryptosporidia infection and AIDS has not been clearly established. For children between the ages of 12 and 47 months, the recommended dose is 100 mg nitazoxanide every 12 hours for 3 days for children between 4 and 11 years of age, the dose is 200 mg nitazoxanide every 12 hours for 3 days. A 500-mg tablet, suitable for adult dosing (every 12 hours), is not yet available in the United States. 

Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Gupta AB, Seth AK, Bassin JK, Gupta A and Shaema ML (2001) Recurrent diarrhea in children living in areas with high levels of nitrate in drinking water. Arch Environ Health 56 369-373. 

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has been approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of diarrhea in children (age, 1-11 years) and is associated with giardiasis, but it also is approved for diarrhea caused by crytosporidiosis in patients with AIDS. Crytosporidiosis is a protozoal infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum. The condition is uncommon in healthy individuals but can be life-threatening in immunosuppressed patients and those with HIV infections. 

Lomotil is prescribed for adult clients diagnosed with traveler s diarrhea. In children, diarrhea should be allowed to run its course. 

Subbotina, M.D., V.N. Timchenko, M.M. Vorobyov, et al. 2003. Effect of oral adininistration of tormentil root extract (Potentilla tormentilla) on rotavirus diarrhea in children A randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. ]. 22(8) 706-711. 

Documented effects A decoction of the tubers is used in modem medicine to coat the digestive tract as a treatment for gastritis, enterocolitis, and other gastrointestinal diseases. It is also used as an enana to treat diarrhea in children. Experiments have shown that this plant has anti-inflammatory activities (Khalmatov et al. 1984 Khodzhimatov 1989). 

Van Niel, C. W., Feudtner, C., Garrison, M. M., Christakis, D. A. (2002). Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 109, 678-684. 

Gaon, D., Garcia, H., Winter, L. et al. (2003) Effect of Lactobacillus strains and Saccharomyces boulardii on persistent diarrhea in children. Medicina, 63,293-298. 

Are you aware of any studies indicating that the addition of iodine to water is actually useful for desinfection. Has there been any study of diarrhea in children for instance ... 

From these numerous studies it is clear that probiotics do indeed play a therapeutic role in viral diarrhea. Even meta-analyses have been conducted in this area, showing that probiotic therapy shortens the duration of acute diarrhea in children. However, the exact mechanism of action involved is not clear and is very likely multifactorial. 

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