Diabetes antidiabetic agents

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous and progressive endocrine disorder associated with insulin resistance (impaired insulin action) and defective function of the insulin-secreting (3-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These endocrine disorders give rise to widespread metabolic disturbances epitomised by hyperglycaemia. The present classes of antidiabetic agents other than insulin act to either increase insulin secretion, improve insulin action, slow the rate of intestinal... 

Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ (2005) Oral antidiabetic agents current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drags 65 385-411... 

Glibenclamide is an oral antidiabetic agent (sulphonylurea). It acts by increasing insulin secretion and is therefore indicated in type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent) where there is pancreatic activity. 

Complications of diabetes FBG, HbAjC/ insulin sensitivity Some oral antidiabetic agents... 

Insulin, a pancreatic hormone, is a specific antidiabetic agent, especially for type I diabetes. Human insulin is a double-chain protein with molecular mass around 6000 that contains 51 amino acids (chain A—21 amino acids, chain B—30 amino acids), which are bound together by disulfide bridges. 

Tolbutamide is one of the most widely used antidiabetic agents. Its action is preferably connected with stimulatory action of j3-cells in the pancreas, which results in intensive insulin secretion. It is used for type II diabetes melhtus of medium severity with no expressed microvascular complications. Synonyms of this drug are mebenol, oramid, ora-bet, tolbuton, butamide, rastinon, and others. 

Monotherapy-To lower blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes whose hyperglycemia cannot be adequately controlled by diet and physical exercise and who have not been chronically treated with other antidiabetic agents. 

Oral antidiabetic agents might be indicated in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), i.e. diabetes Type II where insulin resistance caused by down-regulation of insulin receptors or a failure of the pancreas to release insulin even though it is formed, play a role. However, oral antidiabetic... 

Pancreatectomy -role m diabetes [INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS] (Vol 14)... 

Scheen AJ, Lefebvre PJ. Potential pharmacokinetics interference between alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and other oral antidiabetic agents. Diabetes Care 2002 25(l) 247-8. 

Jick SS, Stender M, Myers MW. Frequency of liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents. Diabetes Care 1999 22(12) 2067-71. 

Recently, resveratrol was found to reverse fat-induced insulin resistance [McCarty, 2005]. This observation provides more enthusiasm for researchers to use resveratrol as an antidiabetic agent. Su and associates [2006] showed that resveratrol significantly reduced the plasma glucose concentration as well as the dramatic reduction of triglyceride concentration in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mellitus rats in 14 days treatment. They concluded from this observation that resveratrol possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties [Su et al., 2006]. Baur et al., [2006] added more value to this conclusion by showing that resveratrol increases insulin sensitivity by lowering the blood... 

Insulin may also be administered in some cases of type 2 diabetes to complement other drugs (oral antidiabetic agents) and to supplement endogenous insulin release.64,70 In type 2 diabetes (NIDDM), exogenous insulin basically makes up the difference between the patient s endogenous hormone production and his or her specific insulin requirement. In addition, many patients with advanced cases of type 2 diabetes ultimately require supplemental insulin because other interventions (diet, exercise, other drugs) are not able to adequately control this disease.35... 

Goodarzi MO, Bryer-Ash M. Metformin revisited re-evaluation of its properties and role in the pharmacopoeia of modern antidiabetic agents. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005 7 654-665. 

In Ayurveda and folklore medicines, cinnamon is used in the treatment of diabetes. Cinnamon is reported to reduce the blood glucose level in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Therapeutic studies have proved the potential of cinnamaldehyde as an antidiabetic agent. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits aldose reductase, a key enzyme involved in the polyol pathway. This enzyme catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol in insulin-insensitive tissues in diabetic patients. This leads to accumulation of sorbitol in chronic complications of diabetes, such as cataract, neuropathy and retinopathy. Aldose-reductase inhibitors prevent conversion of glucose to sorbitol, thereby preventing several diabetic complications (Lee, 2002). 

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