Development of Technologies

Telomerization requires a solvent that can dissolve both water and butadiene. To select a suitable solvent for this purpose the separability of the reaction products from the catalyst used should be considered. According to past reports, the selectivity to 2,7-octadien-l-ol, which is of high industrial value, has been 70% at most. Use of sulfolane, which had not been studied as a reaction solvent, realized a high 2,7-octadien-l-ol selectivity of at least 83% and a high reaction 

For the telomerization of butadiene, distillative separation methods cannot be employed to separate the product from the reaction mixture containing catalyst, because the palladium complex catalyst has not such a high thermal stability 

In solvent/water (55 45) solution (60 ml) containing 230 mmol butadiene, 0.1 mmol Pd(OAc)2, 12 % triethylamine, 2 mmol ligand, at 75 °C for 3 h under CO2. 

---

The Institute has many-year experience of investigations and developments in the field of NDT. These are, mainly, developments which allowed creation of a series of eddy current flaw detectors for various applications. The Institute has traditionally studied the physico-mechanical properties of materials, their stressed-strained state, fracture mechanics and developed on this basis the procedures and instruments which measure the properties and predict the behaviour of materials. Quite important are also developments of technologies and equipment for control of thickness and adhesion of thin protective coatings on various bases, corrosion control of underground pipelines by indirect method, acoustic emission control of hydrogen and corrosion cracking in structural materials, etc. 

Nitrogen Oxide Emissions. Nitrogen oxide (NO ) emissions from an FCCU regenerator are much less, typically 100 ppm, than SO emissions, and consequently much less attention has been given to the development of technology to reduce FCCU NO emissions. As environmental constraints continue to tighten, this situation is expected to change. 

AlUiough Uiis act was directed toward tlie research and development of technologies to deal with the solid waste problem, it resembled the other laws discussed in this section in that it was not concerned with emergency plaiuiing and response,... 

The development of sensitive and inexpensive immunoassays for low molecular weight pesticides has been an important trend in environmental and analytical sciences during the past two decades. 0.27-29 jq design an immunoassay for a pesticide, one can rely on the immunoassay literature for agrochemicals, " but many of the innovations in clinical immunoanalysis are also directly applicable to environmental analysis. - Conversely, the exquisite sensitivity required and difficult matrices present for many environmental immunoassay applications have forced the development of technologies that are also useful in clinical immunoassay applications. In the following discussion we will describe widely accepted procedures for the development of pesticide immunoassays. 

Thus there is sufficient ground to cover at the functional level even after successful genetic characterizations that justifies the development of technologies for functional genomics, especially for high-throughput monitoring of proteomes and metabolomes. 

Many challenges exist for achieving successful C02 utilisation, including the development of technologies capable of economically fixing C02 in stable products for indirect storage. 

The discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and the development of technology that allows specific proteins to be tagged with GFP has fundamentally altered the types of question that can be asked using cell biological methods. It is now possible not only to study where a protein is within a cell, but also feasible to study the precise dynamics of protein movement within living cells. We have exploited these technical developments and applied them to the study of translation initiation factors in yeast, focusing particularly on the... 

To solve the more complicated structures, a continuing development of technologies as tools for the structure determination took place and several methods now... 

Ever since World War II spurred the development of technological advances such as radar, synthetic antimalarials, and synthetic rubber, our nation s strengths... 

Apart from biological research, development of technology and accumulation of social capital are also required for the age of hydrogen energy. International cooperation is also a key factor. These concerted efforts will open the door for the age of renewable hydrogen energy (Fig. 6). 

Park, S-U. (Ed.). (1998). Research and Development on Basic Technology for Atmospheric Environment in Global Scale Development of Technology for Monitoring and Prediction of Acid Rain (G-7 project). Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, 602 pp. 

The transition from nonrenewable fossil fuel should consider the development of technologies that can use the available energy of the sun. It is reasonable to assume that solar energy will eventually serve as a primary energy source. As we attempt to use solar energy to replace the use of fossil and nuclear fuels, this relationship between solar energy and hydrogen returns and one may not effectively work without the other. 

An optimum retention time requires the development of technologies which provide the optimum conditions for the bacteria populations to attack the substrate. 

---