Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Chasnoff et al. (1984) have reported on the developmental outcome of three groups of children, from birth until 2 years of age. The methadone, polydrug, and control groups demonstrated a downward trend in scores in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Their interpretation is that the infants environment and subsequent lack of stimulation has a more direct influence on long-term development than does maternal use of drugs during pregnancy. 

Bayley M (1993) The Bayley scales of infant development, 2nd ed. San Antonio, TX, The Psychological Corporation. 

Black MM, Matula K Essentials of Bayley Scales of infant development. II Assessment. New York, NY Wiley 2000. 

The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on information processing and developmental assessment have been studied in 108 infants aged 3 months, 61 of whom had been exposed to cocaine, and 47 controls using an infant-control habituation and novelty responsiveness procedure in a developmental assessment using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (276). Infants exposed to cocaine prenatally were significantly more likely than controls to... 

Cognitive, motor, and behavior development, as measured by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II, were compared in 56 prenatally cocaine-exposed infants and toddlers (aged 1-3 years) and 56 non-exposed matched controls (287). There were developmental problems in expressive and receptive language areas in those who had been exposed prenatally. 

A second report from the Maternal Lifestyle Study focused on motor development in 392 children prenatally exposed to cocaine and 776 non-exposed control infants who were identified by meconium assay and mothers self-reporting (327). Motor skills were assessed at 1 month with the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), at 4 months with the posture and fine motor assessment of infants (PFMAI), at 12 months with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-2nd edition (BSID-II), and at 18 months with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS). The infants with prenatal cocaine exposure had motor skill deficits at 1 month, but normal function at 18 months. Heavy cocaine use was associated with poorer motor performance. Both lower and higher nicotine exposures related to poorer motor performance. 

Frank DA, Jacobs RR, Beeghly M, Augustyn M, Bellinger D, Cabral H, Heeren T. Level of prenatal cocaine exposure and scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development modifying effects of caregiver, early intervention, and birth weight. Pediatrics 2002 110(6) 1143-52. 

Research on the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on development in the first 2 years of life has been reported in 203 fuU-term infants (225). The infants, who were defined as having had no cocaine exposure, light exposure, or heavy exposure, were tested with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6, 12, and 24 months. 

A widely used test at a slightly later stage of development is the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, appropriate to children from 2 to 30 months of... 

The follow-up evaluations at both 6 and 12 months included the administration of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Gladen et al. 1988). This exam yields a mental development index (MDl) score and a psychomotor development index (PDI) score, both of which are scaled like a standard IQ test. There were 858 infants (92%) from the original cohort who participated in the study past the neonatal period. 

The children also were evaluated by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 18 and 24 months. Scores were available for 676 (73%) children at 18 months and for 670 (72%) children at 24 months (Rogan and Gladen 1991). Linear regression modeling was used to assess the relationship between prenatal the Bayley scores and exposure to PCBs. Covariate adjustment included sex, race, age of exam, number of older siblings, maternal age, education, and occupational grouping. Maternal smoking. 

To assess the mental and psychomotor development of infants exposed to PCBs both pre- and postnatally, the Dutch standardized version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered at 3, 7, and 18 months of age. Both the MDI and the PDI were included in the assessments. The tests were performed at the infant s home in the presence of the parent(s) (Koopman-Esseboom et al. 1996). The evaluations of the infants using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were undertaken only for the 207 children from Rotterdam. Rotterdam is an urban area thought to have higher exposures to PCBs than Groningen, a semi-urban area in northern Holland. 

In any case, it s estimated that the human fetus is ten to a hundred times more sensitive to ambient lead than children or adults, such that the so-called national averages are almost certainly dangerous for the fetus. In 2006, researchers reported a study of 146 pregnant women in Mexico City.13 It s one of the few studies to measure maternal lead values during each trimester of pregnancy. The researchers examined the impact of prenatal lead exposure on fetal neurodevelopment by measuring whole blood and plasma levels of lead in the pregnant mothers at each trimester and then in umbilical cord blood at delivery. When the infants were at 12 and 24 months of age, the researchers measured their BLL and also evaluated their neural development with a standard method (the Spanish version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development). From the evidence,... 

Nearly all tests used for assessing the children s mental level had, at an earlier stage, been adapted to the Spanish population that was the case with, for example, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the McCarthy Scales of Children s Abilities, and Cattell s Culture Fair Intelligence Test. Some of the psychomotor tests that were not adapted to Spain were included in the survey anyway because of their expected relevance. 

Bayley N. 1969. Manual for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. New York Psychological Corporation. Bayley N. 1993. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development. 2nd ed. New York Psychological Corporation. Bellinger DC. 1995. Interpreting the hterature on lead and child development The neglected role of the experimental system. Neurotoxicol Teratol 3 201-212. 

Bendersky M, Lewis M. 2001. The Bayley scales of infant development. Is there a role in biobehavioral assessment In Singer LT Zeskind P, eds. Biobehavioral Assessment of the Infant. New York Guilford Press. Pp. 443-459. 

The cohort (N = 249) were tested using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) at 2 years of age for associations with several measures... 

Cincinnati, OH, children (300), mainly low-income African-American subjects Bayley Scales of Infant Development (MDI) 3 and 6 months Prenatal 8.0 pg/dl Cord 6.3 pg/dl 10-day 4.6 rig/dl 3-month concurrent 5.9 rig/dl Prenatal, cord PbB inversely associated with adjusted 3-month MDI Dietrich et al. (1987)... 

Measures chosen were comparable with those used in the other longitudinal studies being conducted The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (1969) were used to measure mental and psychomotor development at 6 months, 12 months and 24 months the Bayley Infant Behaviour Record and the Toddler Temperament Questionnaire (Fullard et al, 1978) to monitor behavioural problems. At 3 years the McCarthy Scales of Children s Abilities (1972) replaced the Bayley Scales, and this test was employed also at 4 years and, currently, at 5 years. At 5 years a special computer vigilance task is being employed to assess attention span and attain reaction time measures. (This task was written by Jacobson and Jacobson at Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.)... 

Bayley, N. (1969) Manual for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, (Ohio Psychological Corporation)... 

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