Detergency betaines

Amphoteric Detergents. These surfactants, also known as ampholytics, have both cationic and anionic charged groups ki thek composition. The cationic groups are usually amino or quaternary forms while the anionic sites consist of carboxylates, sulfates, or sulfonates. Amphoterics have compatibihty with anionics, nonionics, and cationics. The pH of the surfactant solution determines the charge exhibited by the amphoteric under alkaline conditions it behaves anionically while ki an acidic condition it has a cationic behavior. Most amphoterics are derivatives of imidazoline or betaine. Sodium lauroamphoacetate [68647-44-9] has been recommended for use ki non-eye stinging shampoos (12). Combkiations of amphoterics with cationics have provided the basis for conditioning shampoos (13). 

The solubihty characteristics of sodium acyl isethionates allow them to be used in synthetic detergent (syndet) bars. Complex blends of an isethionate and various soaps, free fatty acids, and small amounts of other surfactants reportedly are essentially nonirritant skin cleansers (66). As a rule, the more detersive surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates, a-olefin sulfonates, and alkylaryl sulfonates, are used in limited amounts in skin cleansers. Most skin cleansers are compounded to leave an emollient residue on the skin after rinsing with water. Free fatty acids, alkyl betaines, and some compatible cationic or quaternary compounds have been found to be especially useful. A mildly acidic environment on the skin helps control the growth of resident microbial species. Detergent-based skin cleansers can be formulated with abrasives to remove scaly or hard-to-remove materials from the skin. 

Cocamidopropyl betaine is an amphoteric detergent, a detergent that can act as an acid or a base. It does not irritate the skin or mucous membranes. It is used to thicken shampoos, and to reduce the irritation that would result if only more irritating detergents were used. It has antibiotic effects, and is used in personal sanitary products. It also has antistatic properties, making it an effective conditioning agent in shampoos. 

In addition to the soaps and fatty acids, some bars contain cocamidopropyl betaine, a mild amphoteric detergent that is added to control irritation without decreasing suds or cleaning power, and benzine sulfonate detergents such as sodium dode-cylbenzinesulfonate. Other detergents, such as sodium isethion-ate and sodium cocoyl isethionate, are also common. 

Nicander, I., Rantanen, I., Rozell, B.L. et al. The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods. Skin Res. Technol. 2003 9 50-8. 

The existence of choline dehydrogenase was first demonstrated by Mann and Quastel in 1937 247, 248) in extracts of rat liver and kidney. These authors also obtained evidence that the first oxidation product of choline was betaine aldehyde. Others showed subsequently that choline oxidase activity resided in the mitochondrial fraction of rat liver and is linked to the respiratory chain 249, 250). Detergents 251, 252), solvent treatment of fragmented mitochondria 253), and venom phospholipase 254-256) have been used for extraction and solubilization of choline dehydrogenase. Among these, the best method reported to date appears to be the digestion of acetone-powdered mitochondria with venom phospholipase. Choline dehydrogenase, partially purified from phospholipase extracts of rat liver mitochondria, contains 1 mole of flavin and 4 g-atoms of nonheme iron per 850,000 g protein. The flavin is claimed to be acid-... 

Amphoteric surfactants. These compounds have the characteristics of both anionic detergents and cationic fabric softeners. They tend to work best at neutral pH, and are found in shampoos, skin cleaners, and carpet shampoos. They are very stable in strong acidic conditions and are favorably used with hydrofluoric acid. For example, compounds of alkyl-betain or alkylsulfobetaine type possess both anionic and cationic groups in the same molecule even in aqueous solution. These surfactants are rarely employed in laundry detergents because of their high costs [3, 4]. 

Submicroscopic, colloidal aggregates can influence chemical reactivity. Aqueous micelles are the most widely studied of these aggregates, and these micelles form spontaneously when the concentration of a surfactant (sometimes known as a detergent) exceeds the critical micelle concentration, cmc (1-3). Surfactants have apolar residues and ionic or polar head groups, and in water at surfactant concentrations not much greater than the cmc, micelles are approximately spherical and the polar or ionic head groups are at the surface in contact with water. The head groups may be cationic, (e.g., trimethylammonium), anionic, (e.g., sulfate), zwitterionic (as in carboxylate or sulfonate betaines), or nonionic. The present discussion covers the behavior of ionic and zwitterionic micelles and their effects on chemical reactivity. 

Accobetaine. [Karlshamns] Coco betaine detergent, wetting agent, emul sifier, high foaming agent, solubilizer for household and cosmetic uses. 

Amido Betaine C. [Zohar Detergent Facu y] Coconut amido betaine industrial foamer, coinponenttrf personal cate prods. 

AmtmyL [Seppic] Betaines anqrhoteric detergents for shampoos quats. ftir use as algicide, fungicide, germicide. 

Ampholyt [H lsAG] Glycinates betaines amphoteric surfactant for cosmetics, shampoos, detergents. 

Amphosol. [St an Stepan Europe] Betaines vise, builder, foam booster, base for cosmetics, liq. detergents lime so dispersant... 

Chimin. [Auschem SpA] Betaines, sulfosuccinates, esters, phosphates conditioner, emulsifier, detergent, dispersant wetting agent antistat for cosmetics, leather processing, textiles, paper. 

Deriphat . [Henkel/Emery/Cospha Henkel Cana Henkel KGaA] Pn i-onic acids or salts, betaines amphoteric surfactant, wetting agent, ermtlsi-fier, detergent, corrosion inhibitor, solubilizer, stabilizer for hard surface cleaning, textiles, emulsion polymerization, petroleum processing. 

EnagicoL [Lion] Betaines mild detergent, vise, builder for cosmetics. 

Hartaine. [Hart Fiods. Corp.] Betaine detergent emulsifier. 

Lexaine. [Inolex] Betaines, sultaines anqihoteric surfactants, vise, builders, foam boosters, thickenm to detergent systems, cosinetics. 

Mirataine . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf. Rhone-Poulenc France] Betaines, sultaines, or prcqiionates detergent vise, builder, foam boostm/stabilizer, solubilizer, ctmditioner for shampoos, dishwashing liqs., textile, leather, industrial prods. 

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