Activities of Residents

Smoking is an important indoor source of fine and coarse particles, with estimated increases of 25 to 45 pg m PM2.5 in homes with smokers (Wallace, 1996). Previously, Fishbein (1991) summarized concentration data for a range of metals, metalloids, and radioactive elements in cigarette tobacco, mainstream smoke, and side-stream smoke. Ligocki et al. (1995) estimated that indoor air metal concentrations in homes with smokers exceed those in homes without smokers by an average increment of 1.3 ng m for Cd, 0.18 ng m for As, and 21 pg m for Cr, consistent with other studies (e.g., Lioy etal., 1992 Lead-erer etal., 1994 Landsberger and Wu, 

However, some surveys revealed no correlation between metal levels and smoking behavior (e.g., Meyer etal., 1999 Kim etal., 1998), possibly due to the interplay of other factors. 

Elevated concentrations of airborne Hg in homes and schools are generally attributed to Hg spilled from thermometers, gas meters, and other consumer products. More localized occurrences are associated with ethnic practices such as sprinkling liquid Hg under beds, or wearing amulets filled with liquid Hg (Forman etal., 2000). It has been estimated that up to 10% of U.S. households may have levels of airborne Hg above the U.S. EPA reference concentration (300 ng m ) due to historic accidents with Hg-containing devices (Carpi and Chen, 2001). In one New York City residence, where indoor Hg concentrations (523 6 ng m ) exceeded the U.S. EPA reference concentration, breakage of a Hg thermometer had occurred within the 6-month 

Attrition of rubber carpet backing contributed significantly to elevated concentrations of Cd in household dust sampled in an urban setting in Illinois, U.S. by Solomon and Hartford (1976), although this source of Cd was absent from British homes sampled by Harrison (1979). In some areas, carpet backing may be a source of Zn, in addition to other household sources of Zn such as rubber, paints, and fillers used in linoleum (Fergusson and Kim, 1991). 

Aluminum trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium and zinc molybdates, antimony pentoxide, and zinc borate are examples of inorganic compounds used as flame retardants in the manufacture of household furniture, upholstery, wall coverings, draperies, and carpets (National Research Council (NRC), 2000). Antimony trioxide is sometimes used in combination 

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Aberrant inflammatory response, either through activation of resident microglia tuid/or recruitment and activation of peripheral monocytes... 

More recent studies from our lab demonstrate that the capacity of lung and airway DCs to upregulate their APC functions and to acquire potent presentation capacity in response to GM-CSF in vitro, is inhibited by soluble signal(s) from the dominant local Mac population (PAMs), which include NO and TNFa (Holt et al., 1993). This mechanism also appears operative in vivo, as PAM elimination by the macrophage suicide technique , involving intratracheal administration of DMDP in liposomes, results in the rapid upregulation of the APC activity of resident lung DCs to approximate that achieved in vitro by co-culture with GM-CSF (Holt etal., 1993 Fig. 1.6). 

Bilyk, N. and Holt, P.G. (1993). Inhibition of the immunosuppressive activity of resident pulmonary alveolar macrophages by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Exp. Med. 177, 1773-1777. 

Applicators and residents of dichlorvos (DDVP) treated structures were monitored for evidence of insecticide exposure using exposure pads, air samplers, serum and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) tests, and urine analysis. There was no evidence of DDVP or dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) in the urine of applicators or cooperators. There were slight but significant differences (Pi0.05) in serum AChE activity of residents of treated units, but erythrocyte AChE was unchanged. Applicator AChE test results were inconclusive. It was concluded that there was not a significant risk. In terms of acute toxicity, to either the pesticide applicators or the residents of treated structures. 

Das PC, Roberts JDE, White SL, Olden K. Activation of resident tissue-specific macrophages by swansonine. Oncol Res 1995 7(9) 425-33. 

Tatsumi, R. 2010. Mechano-hiology of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regeneration Possible mechanism of stretch-induced activation of resident myogenic stem cells. Anim Sci /81(l) ll-20. 

Bilyk N, Holt PG. Inhibifion ofthe immunosuppressive activity of resident pulmoary alveolar macrophages 1 granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating ctor. J Exp Med 1993 177 1773-1777. 

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