Detector overview

The relevance of photonics technology is best measured by its omnipresence. Semiconductor lasers, for example, are found in compact disk players, CD-ROM drives, and bar code scaimers, as well as in data communication systems such as telephone systems. Compound semiconductor-based LEDs utilized in multicolor displays, automobile indicators, and most recendy in traffic lights represent an even bigger market, with approximately 1 biUion in aimual sales. The trend to faster and smaller systems with lower power requirements and lower loss has led toward the development of optical communication and computing systems and thus rapid technological advancement in photonics systems is expected for the future. In this section, compound semiconductor photonics technology is reviewed with a focus on three primary photonic devices LEDs, laser diodes, and detectors. Overviews of other important compound semiconductor-based photonic devices can be found in References 75—78. 

The literature on XRF is abundant. Recent general reviews are refs [235,237] for sample preparation see ref. [247]. EDXRF was specifically dealt with in ref. [248] and an excellent X-ray detector overview is available [225]. Several recent XRF monographs have appeared [233,249,249a], also covering TXRF [250] and quantitative XRF [232,251]. 

H.C. KastU et al., CMS barrel pixel detector overview. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 582,724 (2007)... 

This chapter explains how optical and infrared detectors work, from basic principles to the state-of-the-art. The role of optical and infrared detectors in an observatory is presented, and the state-of-the-art is related to an ideal detector. An overview of the detector physics is presented, showing that the detection of light is a 5 step process. Each step in this process is explained in detail in the subsequent sections. The chapter concludes with references for further information. 

In this section, an overview of detector architecture and operation is given. Although optical and infrared detectors are often thought of as very different beasts, in practice they are more alike than different. Thus, optical and infrared... 

For an excellent overview of aU aspects of astronomical instrumentation, please see the classic textbook by Ian Mclxan. This book contains a very good pedantic explanation of optical and infrared detectors. 

Al.l Overview of developments in laboratory practices, instrumentation, columns, and detectors... 

Taniguchi and Ninomiya [273] and Ninomiya et al. [274] have reviewed TXRF as an inherently surface-sensitive, nondestructive and cost-saving method in the analysis of trace elements and other microcomponents in polymers and other materials. An overview of sources, samples and detectors for TXRF is available [275]. 

Since powerful X-ray sources and sophisticated beam shaping have generally become available, point-collimated setups for the study of X-ray scattering have lost their former handicap of low intensity. Today they benefit from their simple and versatile geometry. This section is devoted to an overview of modern apparatus -beginning with the source of X-radiation and ending with the detector and the data acquisition system. 

Our first chapter in this set [4] was an overview the next six examined the effects of noise when the noise was due to constant detector noise, and the last one on the list is the first of the chapters dealing with the effects of noise when the noise is due to detectors, such as photomultipliers, that are shot-noise-limited, so that the detector noise is Poisson-distributed and therefore the standard deviation of the noise equals the square root of the signal level. We continue along this line in the same manner we did previously by finding the proper expression to describe the relative error of the absorbance, which by virtue of Beer s law also describes the relative error of the concentration as determined by the spectrometric readings, and from that determine the... 

In the present chapter an overview is presented about CL-based detection in CE, reviewing advances in the development of new detectors, the various CL-based reactions employed, and the applicability and usefulness of analysis to a wide range of samples. 

Liquid cathode lithium cells, 3 464-466 Liquid chromatography, 4 618—620 6 375, 440-468 14 233. See also High performance liquid chromatography Ion chromatography applications, 4 625-626 6 457-465 brief overview, 6 384-388 column switching, 6 446-447 columns, 4 623 derivatization, 6 447—448 detectors, 4 622-623 6 386-387, 448 52... 

A modern gas chromatograph, whether configured for packed or capillary column use, consists of several basic components. All of them must be properly chosen and operated for successful analysis. These are pneumatics and gas-handling systems, an injection device, an inlet, a column oven and column, a detector and a data system. Since the inception of GC in the 1950s, instrumentation has evolved significantly as new techniques and technologies were developed. This section provides an overview of the major components of a modern gas chromatograph, with details about how to choose components based on analytical needs, and applications. 

Several kinds of detection systems have been applied to CE [1,2,43]. Based on their specificity, they can be divided into bulk property and specific property detectors [43]. Bulk-property detectors measure the difference in a physical property of a solute relative to the background. Examples of such detectors are conductivity, refractive index, indirect methods, etc. The specific-property detectors measure a physico-chemical property, which is inherent to the solutes, e.g. UV absorption, fluorescence emission, mass spectrum, electrochemical, etc. These detectors usually minimize background signals, have wider linear ranges and are more sensitive. In Table 17.3, a general overview is given of the detection methods that are employed in CE with their detection limits (absolute and relative). 

This chapter presents an overview of current trends in high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrumentation focusing on recent advances and features relevant to pharmaceutical analysis. Operating principles of HPLC modules (pump, detectors, autosampler) are discussed with future trends. 

This chapter is intended to serve as a general overview of new and emerging HPLC technologies and is divided into four sections simplifying sample preparation, new column technologies, improvements in detectors, and improvements in HPLC throughput. 

Nanosecond Absorption Spectroscopy Absorption apparatus, 226, 131 apparatus, 226, 152 detectors, 226, 126 detector systems, 226, 125 excitation source, 226, 121 global analysis, 226, 146, 155 heme proteins, 226, 142 kinetic applications, 226, 134 monochromators/spectrographs, 226, 125 multiphoton effects, 226, 141 nanosecond time-resolved recombination, 226, 141 overview, 226, 119, 147 probe source, 226, 124 quantum yields, 226, 139 rhodopsin, 226, 158 sample holders, 226, 133 singular value decomposition, 226, 146, 155 spectral dynamics, 226, 136 time delay generators, 226, 130. 

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