Design projects ammonia

Chemical equilibrium is a key issue in process design. Chemical equilibrium might set in many cases an upper limit for the achievable conversion, if nothing is done to remove one of the products from the reaction space. Because the equilibrium conversion is independent of kinetics and reactor design, it is also convenient to use it as reference. Note that important industrial reactions take place close to equilibrium, as the synthesis of ammonia and methanol, esterification of acids with alcohols, dehydrogenations, etc, particularly when the reaction rate is fast. Therefore, the investigation of chemical equilibrium should be done systematically in a design project. 

Chard et al, "The Manufacture of Calcium Cyanamide Via Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia and Reactive Lime Part I. Laboratory Work ERDE Rept 2/R/57 (1957) (Conf), and "Part II. An Assessment of the Possible Procedure Involved , ERDE Rept 4/R/57 (1957) (Conf) 20)S.Chard et al, "Review of the Calcium Cyanamide (Via Co and NH3) Project with an Outline Design for a 35 Ton/Week Unit , ERDE TechMemo 3/M/57 (1957) (Conf) 21)V. A.Shushunov B.G.Zateev, UchZapGor kovskii-GosUniv, Ser Khim 1958, No 32, 3-7 CA 54, 6380 (I960) 22)K.Okazaki et al, Kogyo-KayakuKyokaishi 21, 12-15 (I960) CA 55,... 

Incorporating some or all of the above mentioned improvements will lead to a considerable reduction of energy consumption of an ammonia plant based on steam reforming of natural gas or naphtha. The actual plant design will depend on the project particulars and feed and utility price structure. 

Haldor Topsoe s ammonia synthesis technology is based on the S-200 ammonia converter. This is a two-bed radial flow converter with indirect cooling between the beds. This converter concept has been used extensively to upgrade existing converters (Topsoe or other designs) in modification projects to achieve higher capacity (up to 20%) and/or better energy efficiency.85... 

The Topsoe Low Energy Ammonia Process is flexible and can be adjusted to specific project requirements. Most operating ammonia plants designed by... 

Most of the heavier-than-air cloud field experiments have focused on the dispersion of gaseous clouds. However, some experiments have been conducted with two-phase effects, e.g., the Desert Tortoise, Eagle, Goldfish series (Koopman et al., 1989) and FLADIS field experiments (Nielsen et al., 1997). In particular, the Desert Tortoise series was designed to study the dispersion of two-phase ammonia clouds. It was reported that two-phase effects had a dominating influence on the temperature and spreading behavior of the cloud and the extent of the heavy cloud dispersion regime (Koopman et al., 1986). Recently, available field data sets have been reviewed within the SMEDIS (Scientific Model Evaluation of Dense Gas Dispersion Models) project (Daish et al., 1998 Carissimo et al., 1999). 

The industrial development of ammonia synthesis was started in BASF immediately after that day in Karlsruhe, and Bosch was made responsible for the whole project. Despite the success of the feasibility study in Karlsruhe there were still many problems to be solved before a large-scale manufacturing process could be designed and built. 

Design Organization (FEDO), a unit of Fertilizers and Allied Chemicals Travancore Ltd. (FACT) and the other. Projects and Development India Ltd. (PDIL), as a unit of Fertilizer Corporation of India. FEDO was allocated the areas of ammonia and phosphatic fertilizers, and /FCI the area of urea and nitrogenous fertilizers so that both the organizations could play a complementary role. 

COS can be converted to H2S by hydrogenation (reaction 13-2) or hydrolysis (reaction 13-6). Hydrogenation is normally accomplished with a cobalt-molybdenum cataly.st, which is also active for shift conversion. If shift conversion is not desired during the COS removal step, a hydrolysis catalyst, which is not active for shift conversion, can be utilized. One such catalyst is Topspe CKA, which consists mainly of activated alumina and is available as 3 X 10" or 6 X 10 m ()< or in.) extrudates. Table 13-16 shows operating conditions and COS converter performance for five cases. The first four are projected values for plants designed to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG), methyl alcohol (MeOH), fuel for a power plant, and ammonia. The fifth case presents actual operating data from a coal-to-ammonia plant. The COS concentrations in the product gas streams represent values close to equilibrium for the composition and temperature conditions in the converters. 

---