Performances of the converter

The bottom graph of Figure 1 presents the HC + NOx emission results. For each of the Pd loading and Pd catalyst technology combinations, the siun of the HC + NOx emissions decreased as Pd catalyst volume was increased from 0 to 25%. However, as Pd catalyst volume is increased from 25 to 100%, HC + NOx emissions increased for three of the four Pd loading and catalyst combinations. The Pd 3-Way at 100 g/ft3 did not exhibit this same trend. At 25% Pd catalyst volume it appears the performance of the converters is insensitive to Pd catalyst loading and technology. 

The performances of the converter. It includes the net value of ammonia, the pressure difference between inlet and outlet of the converter, the rate of utilizing the high-pressure space, distribution of temperature, the degree of the difficulty in reduction, the complex degree of the structure, operation flexibility and so on. 

In a heterogeneous catalytic process, the over-all performance of the converter is very dependent on the physical properties of a single catalyst particle. 

Fig. 2. Iron—titanium hydride vessel (508 kg hydride, 6.4 kg hydrogen) performance of the Provo-Orem (Utah) bus at 3.4 MPa (493 psi) charge pressure, having 22 cylinders, each with a 75 mm dia and 1750 mm length, where (-) indicates tank pressure. To convert MPa to psi, multiply by 145. See text.

The performance of the catalytic converter is affected by the conditions of air/fuel control provided by the fuel metering system. A slowly responding fuel metering system can dramatically decrease the conversion efficiency of the converter compared to a fast response multipoint fuel injection system. 

Efficiency is a practical measure of the performance of a converter efficiency is equal to the desired form of energy divided by the total energy converted. If the light converted 100 joules of energy into 10... 

The fluorination process aims to decompose the material and convert tantalum and niobium oxides into complex fluoride compounds to be dissolved in aqueous solutions. The correct and successful performance of the decomposition process requires a clear understanding of the oxygen-fluorine substitution mechanism of the interaction itself. 

Vehicle data represents the complex interaction of many variables, including vehicle performance, reactor design and location, as well as catalyst properties. For a catalyst that has failed, one must ponder whether the converter design used in the vehicle is suitable for the catalyst, the quantity of the catalyst used is correct, the distance of the converter from the exhaust manifold is suitable, the catalyst has been inadvertantly overheated to above 2000°F or poisoned by lead and sulfur, or whether the catalyst can be modified to produce a far superior product. 

Figure 4 shows how variations in the electric heater size affect the relative contributions of the heated element and the main (unheated) converter to the overall HC conversion performance of the EHC system for the case of 20 s heating at 2500 W. As expected, the HC conversion over the heater increases with increasing heater volume. With a large electric heater, however, the conversion performance of the main converter (as given by the difference between the dashed and solid curves in Fig. 4) is predicted to be substantially lower than that with a small-volume heater, so that the best overall conversion performance (i.e., lowest tailpipe emissions) can be obtained in the regime of small heater volumes. 

After passing through the column, the separated solutes are sensed by an in-line detector. The output of the detector is an electrical signal, the variation of which is displayed on a potentiometric recorder, a computing integrator or a vdu screen. Most of the popular detectors in hplc are selective devices, which means that they may not respond to all of the solutes that are present in a mixture. At present there is no universal detector for hplc that can compare with the sensitivity and performance of the flame ionisation detector used in gas chromatography. Some solutes are not easy to detect in hplc, and have to be converted into a detectable form after they emerge from the column. This approach is called post-column derivatisation. 

Table k. Comparative performances of the Fe CCO), CpFe(C0)2l2 and Co2(C0)g-NaY systems (C- selectivities expressed as mole percent of CO converted into the desired product). 

Only scattered and inconclusive results have been obtained on the relative performances of the different models as converters. In problems P5.08.13 and 22, dispersion gives higher conversion than segregation in problems P5.08.17 and 21 they are about the same in problem P5.08.20, dispersion falls in between segregation and maximum mixedness. 

The dc level of the logarithmic converter can be changed with the reference current (/ref) or with the common-mode voltage (Fcm). The bulk-chip temperature sensor can be used to compensate for the temperature dependence of the logarithmic converter. The performance of the logarithmic converter is shown in Fig. 5.6. 

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