Large design

Type of trim. Use equal percentage whenever there is a large design uncertainty or wide rangeability is desired. Use linear for small uncertainty cases. 

Combinatorial chemistry, a new chapter of organic synthesis, is now developing rapidly. This new approach to synthesizing large designed or random chemical libraries through application of solid phase synthetic methods, promises to revolutionize the process of drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry.24... 

Making major investment decisions in the face of the uncertainties that will undoubtedly exist about plant performance, costs, the market, government policy, and the world economic situation, is a difficult and complex task (if not an impossible task) and in a large design organisation the evaluation would be done by a specialist group. 

The effect of plant capacity on investment can be seen from Fig. 8.2-3. Costs of around 245 million DM, or only 817 DM/t on the 1997 basis, are required for plants equipped with maximum-stream-size reactors of 300,000 t/a. The data can be extrapolated to actual (1998) costs by means of the price index of 1.01 published in [1], These plants with large design capacities have significantly reduced specific investment costs. 

Many alternative fermenters have been proposed and tested. These fermenters were designed to improve either the disadvantages of the stirred tank fermenter-high power consumption and shear damage, or to meet a specific requirement of a certain fermentation process, such as better aeration, effective heat removal, cell separation or retention, immobilization of cells, the reduction of equipment and operating costs for inexpensive bulk products, and unusually large designs. 

The route of entry for chemicals into the body differs in different exposure situations. In the industrial setting, inhalation is the major route of entry. The transdermal route is also quite important, but oral ingestion is a relatively minor route. Consequently, preventive measures are largely designed to eliminate absorption by inhalation or by topical contact. Atmospheric pollutants gain entry by inhalation, whereas for pollutants of water and soil, oral ingestion is the principal route of exposure for humans. 

Note also that there is a great deal of information often hidden in large designs (16 or more experiments), and, in particular, indications on factors affecting the robustness of a process may sometimes be extracted (see the last section). 

The EPC companies maintain large design staffs that can quickly and competently execute projects at relatively low cost. 

Here, two examples will be discussed to illustrate some principles. The general problem of how to split large designs into smaller blocks has been the subject of considerable interest over the years. It is beyond the scope of this book to go into details on this. Readers who are interested in more thorough discussions on this subject should consult the specialized text-books given in the list of references.[13]... 

Very rarely, if ever, only three stages are sufficient to produce meaningful results. Usually, several hundred stages are sufficient, but sometimes tens of thousands of stages are necessary for complex design problems associated with a large design representation space that needs to be searched. 

These features combined with a negative temperature coefficient of reactivity, large heat capacity of the graphite and die large design margins make the reactor safety extremely difficult to challenge. 

The General Designer of the reactor plant of the AST-500 NDHP is 0KB Mechanical Engineering, Nizhny Novgorod. The OKBM is a large design and scientific-research centre with production and technological basis for the development of various nuclear power plants. 

Plants with a double containment are offered some additional ways to cope with containment releases. With an intact containment, the space between both containments may be held subatmospheric and the leakages collected and filtered before release. The ventilation system used for that purpose usually has a large design margin and can therefore process a primary containment leakage rate far in excess of the normal value (if AC power is available). 

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