Dermal atrophy

Stretch marks can only be treated definitively by applying aggressive treatments that can improve the epidermal and dermal atrophy that accompanies them. 

Ammonium lactate has been shown to prevent dermal atrophy resulting from the use of topical corticosteroids. 

Pig (Large White) 1-60 min once Dermal 2000 F (late 35% dermal atrophy) Hamlet et al. 1986 Sr Y... 

Topical application and systemic administration as well as administration by inhalation can lead to atrophy of the skin which may be severe and lead to skin thinning, skin tearing and other dermal effects which may result in increased morbidity and mortality. " The effects are also seen in animal models and hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, betamethasone and triamcinolone have induced dermal atrophy in the rat. ... 

D. Lubach, A. Bensmann and J. Bornemann, Steroid-induced dermal atrophy. Investigations on discontinuous apphcation, Dermatologica, 1989, 179, 67-72. 

A. Oikarinen and P. Autio, New aspects of the mechanism of corticosteroid-induced dermal atrophy, Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 1991, 16, 416 19. 

The erythema of rosacea is caused by dilatation of the superficial vessels of the face. Visualization of the dermal capillaries is favored by skin atrophy due too photoaging. Edema can develop as a result of the increased blood flow in the superficial vessels. This edema might contribute to the late stage of fibroplasia and rhinophyma. 

It is important to remember that adverse effects of topical corticosteroids may be systemic in nature and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression can occur, especially when high-potency corticosteroids are used. Infants and small children may be more susceptible due to their increased skin sur-face body mass ratio.18 Topical corticosteroids may also cause striae, skin atrophy, acne, telangiectasias, and rosacea.2,10,18 Atrophy can result in thin, fragile, easily lacerated skin. Striae are caused by tearing of dermal connective tissue and are irreversible.18 Due to their significant adverse-effect profile, it has been recommended that no topical corticosteroid be used regularly for more than 4 weeks without review and reassessment.2... 

In all tested organisms, PCBs — especially PCBs with 2,3,7,8-TCDD-like activity — adversely affected patterns of survival, reproduction, growth, metabolism, and accumulation. Common manifestations of PCB exposure in animals include hepatotoxicity (hepatomegaly, necrosis), immunotox-icity (atrophy of lymphoid tissues, suppressed antibody responses), neurotoxicity (impaired behavior and development, catecholamine alterations), increased abortion, low birth weight, embryolethality, teratogenicity, gastrointestinal ulceration and necrosis, bronchitis, dermal toxicity (chloracne, edema,... 

No studies were located regarding reproductive effects in animals after dermal exposure to mirex. The only animal study that referred to reproductive effects following dermal exposure to chlordecone was conducted in rabbits by Allied Chemical. This study was not available for review. A published review of the study (Epstein 1978) indicated that chlordecone applied to shaved skin at dose levels of 5 or 10 mg/kg for 8 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 3 weeks induced testicular atrophy in two of six rabbits at 5 mg/kg and in one of six rabbits at 10 mg/kg. No other toxic effects were noted. This study is limited by the lack of dose response and lack of a NOAEL for the effect observed. 

Various dermal manifestations have also been reported. Topical steroids may cause facial edema (moon-face) atrophy or thinning of the epidermis and dermal collagen, drying of the skin, telangiectasis, fragility of the skin blood vessels, purpura (easy bruising), and atrophic striae. 

Hepatic Effects. Liver effects reported in case studies in humans exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene via inhalation have included jaundice, cirrhosis, and atrophy (Cotter 1953). Estimates of exposure duration ranged from 1 to 18 months however, quantitative data on 1,4-dichlorobenzene levels were not available. One report was located that described a 3-year-old boy who may have ingested 1,4-dichlorobenzene crystals. Jaundice was reported, indicating that liver function was in some way compromised, although no further details were reported. No dermal exposures to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in humans were reported. The lack of reliable information regarding human exposures to 1,4-dichlorobenzene by all three routes of exposure makes it difficult to draw any helpful conclusions about the toxicity of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in humans. 

Gestational exposure of rats and mice caused embryo-/fetotoxicity and teratogenicity at doses that were severely toxic to dams. Dermal exposure of male rabbits has been reported to cause testicular atrophy. ... 

Hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate was applied dermally to male rats at doses of 13, 39, or 130mg/%/day for 14 days. All rats developed severe testicular atrophy at the highest dose, whereas 50% of the animals at the medium dose had the same effects. No effects were observed at the low dose. 

All rats survived dermal doses of up to 60 mg/rat administered over 13 weeks. Mean body weights were up to 14% lower than controls, and redness, scabs, and ulceration occurred at the application site. In mice, applications of up to lOmg/mouse produced increased liver and kidney weights. Compound-related skin lesions included sebaceous gland hyperplasia and hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the stratified squamous epithelium at the site of application ovarian atrophy was also considered to be compound related. 

Two-year studies were conducted by administering VCD in acetone by dermal application 5 days per week for over 100 weeks to groups of rats of each sex at 0, 15, or 30mg/animal and to groups of mice at 0, 2.5, 5, or lOmg/animal. Acanthosis and sebaceous gland hypertrophy of skin from the scapula were observed at increased incidences in both species. Squamous cell papillomas in male rats and squamous cell carcinomas in males and females were observed in exposed rats at an increased incidence. The combined incidence of basal cell adenomas or carcinomas was also increased in both sexes. Squamous cell carcinomas were found in the exposed mice. Follicular atrophy and tubular hyperplasia of the... 

---