Depression pharmacotherapy

Cohen LJ. Rational drug use in the treatment of depression. Pharmacotherapy 1997 17(1) 45-61. 

Cala S, Crismon ML, Baumgartner J. A survey of herbal use in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder or depression. Pharmacotherapy 2003 23(2) 222-230. 

Jann MW, Slade JH Antidepressant agents for the treatment of chronic pain and depression. Pharmacotherapy 2007 27(11) 1571. [PMID 17963465]... 

Phase M, Sachs G. Bipolar depression pharmacotherapy and related therapeutic strategies. Biol Psychiatry 2000 48 558-72... 

Trigclic Antidepressants. Imipramine (38) was introduced in the late 1950s as one of the first pharmacotherapies for depression. At that time, chlorproma2ine [50-53-3] was the first effective antipsychotic treatment to be discovered. Researchers looked for similar chemical stmctures and imipramine was found to be effective in the symptomatic treatment of depression. Over the years, other congeners, such as desipramine (39), amitriptyline (40), and dothiepin (41), were synthesized and shown to be clinically efficacious antidepressant dmgs (121). These substances, known under the general mbric of tricycHc antidepressants, share a basic chemical stmcture comprising... 

Up to 30% of COPD patients suffer from anxiety disorder or depression, and should be treated with conventional pharmacotherapy. 

Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. Clin Psychopharmacol 1 146—150, 1981 Ciraulo DA, Nace E Benzodiazepine treatment of anxiety or insomnia in substance abuse patients. Am J Addict 9 276—284, 2000 Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe JH, et al Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 2-hydroxy-imipramine in alcoholics and normal controls. J StudAlcohol 51 366-372, 1990 Ciraulo DA, Knapp CM, LoCastro J, et al A benzodiazepine mood effect scale reliability and validity determined for alcohol-dependent subjects and adults with a parental history of alcoholism. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 27 339—347, 2001 Collins MA Tetrahydropapaveroline in Parkinson s disease and alcoholism a look back in honor of Merton Sandler. Neurotoxicology 25 117-120, 2004 COMBINE Study Research Group Testing combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions in alcohol dependence rationale and methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 1107-1122, 2003a... 

Various forms of psychotherapy are regarded as effective interventions in mild to moderate depression, but studies comparing the economics of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are few (Rosenbaum and Hylan, 1999). One study found that the total health-care costs for patients who received psychotherapy were no different from those for patients who received an antidepressant. However, no efficacy measure was used (Edgell and Hylan, 1997). A randomized, prospective study which evaluated the treatment of depression with nortriptyline, interpersonal therapy or treatment as usual, with outcomes expressed in quality-adjusted life years, found that nortriptyline but not interpersonal therapy was a cost-effective alternative to treatment as usual (Lave et al, 1998). 

State the goals of pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder. 

Interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are types of psychotherapy that have well-documented efficacy for the treatment of MDD. Psychotherapy alone is an initial treatment option for mild to moderate cases of depression, and it may be useful when combined with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of more severe cases of depression. In fact, the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy can be more effective than either treatment modality alone in cases of severe or recurrent MDD. Psychotherapy can be especially helpful for patients with significant psychosocial stressors, interpersonal difficulties, or comorbid personality disorders.16... 

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) may be used for adult patients with treatment-resistant depression. A pulse generator is surgically implanted under the skin of the left chest, and an electrical lead connects the generator to the left vagus nerve. Stimulation of this nerve sends signals to the brain. This therapy is intended to be used along with traditional therapies, such as pharmacotherapy and ECT.20... 

Stimmel GL. How to counsel patients about depression and its treatment. Pharmacotherapy 1995 15(6 pt 2) 100S-104S. 

Marcos, L. R. Cancro, R. (1982). Pharmacotherapy of Hispanic depressed patients clinical observations. Am. J. Psychother., 36, 505-12. 

Friedman, Michael A., Jerusha B. Detweiler-Bedell, Howard E. Leventhal, Rob Horne, Gabor I. Keitner and Ivan W. Miller, Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder , Clinical Psychology Science andPractice 11, no. 1 (2004) 47-68... 

Sotsky, Stuart M., D. R. Glass, M. Tracie Shea, Paul A. Pilkonis, J. F. Collins, Irene Elkin, John T. Watkins, S. D. Imber, W. R. Leber and J. Moyer, Patient Predictors of Response to Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Findings in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program , American Journal of Psychiatry 148 (1991) 997-1008... 

Williams, Jr, John W., Cynthia D. Mulrow, Elaine Chiquette, Polly Hitchcock Noel, Christine Aguilar and John Cornell, A Systematic Review of Newer Pharmacotherapies for Depression in Adults Evidence Report Summary , Annals of Internal Medicine 132 (2000) 743-56... 

Turning to the pharmacotherapy for mania, for decades lithium was the only effective drug treatment. More recently, a number of antiepileptic drugs including carba maze pine, lamotrigine and valproate have been shown to also act as mood stabilisers and are becoming established for the treatment and prophylaxis of both unipolar mania and bipolar manic depressive disorders. 

Compare the use of pharmacotherapy alone, psychological therapy alone, and both therapies together, in the treatment of either schizophrenia or major depression. 

Electroconvulsive therapy A physical therapy used in the treatment of a major depressive disorder that does not respond to pharmacotherapy. 

Tsolaki M, Fountoulakis KN, Nakopoulou E and Kazis A (2000). The effect of antidepressant pharmacotherapy with venlafaxine in geriatric depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychopharmacology, 2, 83-85. 

Ziedonis DM and Kosten TR (1991). Pharmacotherapy improves treatment outcome in depressed cocaine addicts. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 23, 417-425. 

Pharmacotherapy is aimed at treating psychotic symptoms, inappropriate or disruptive behavior, and depression. Medications and recommended doses for noncognitive symptoms are shown in Table 67-5. 

If symptoms (e.g., hyperarousal, avoidance, dissociation, insomnia, depression) persist for 3 to 4 weeks and there is social or occupational impairment, patients should receive pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy, or both. 

The dopamine transporter has been a target for developing pharmacotherapies for a number of CNS disorders including ADHD, stimulant abuse, depression and Parkinson s disease. Several excellent reviews in this area have been recently published [28-30]. The dopamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate has been successfully used for decades in the management of ADHD in children and adolescents. It remains a first-line treatment along with amphetamine for this disorder [31,32]. 

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