Deoxyribonucleic acid human

Proteins, ubiquitous to all living systems, are biopolymers (qv) built up of various combinations of 20 different naturally occurring amino acids (qv). The number of proteins in an organism may be as small as half a do2en, as in the case of the simple bacterial vims M13, or as large as 50,000, as in the human system. Proteins are encoded by the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is present in all living cells. 

Bogenhagen D and Clayton DA (1974) The number of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid genomes in mouse I and human hela cells. J Biol Chem 249 7991-7995. 

Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme ) is a recombinant human (rh) DNase that selectively cleaves extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This DNA is released during neutrophil degradation and contributes to the high viscosity of CF sputum. Nebulization of dornase alfa 2.5 mg once or twice daily improves daily pulmonary symptoms and function, reduces pulmonary exacerbations, and improves quality of life.16 N-acetylcysteine and hypertonic saline are other mucolytic agents that are occasionally used however, they are not preferred agents due to a greater incidence of bronchospasm and unpleasant odor and taste.5... 

Along with stomach, bile, and lactic acids, there are many other acids in the human body These include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins such as folic and ascorbic acids. Nucleic acids, including RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), are long chains of phosphates and sugar to which nucleotide bases are attached. The phosphate molecules in the backbone of RNA and DNA are derived from phosphoric acid. Therefore, DNA is very weakly acidic. 

Perocco P, Pane G, Bolognesi S, et al. 1982. Increase of sister chromatid exchange and unscheduled synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid by acrylonitrile in human lymphocytes in vitro. Scand J Work Environ Health 8 290-293. 

Latt, S.A. (1973). Microfluorometric detection of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in human metaphase chromosomes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 770 3395-3399. 

Figure 9.12 Deoxy derivatives. These contain one less oxygen atom than the monosaccharide from which they are derived. 2-Deoxyribose is a most important deoxy pentose and is a major constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Deoxy hexoses are widely distributed among plants, animals and microorganisms especially as components of complex polysaccharides. Examples are rhamnose (6-deoxymannose), a component of bacterial cell walls, and fucose (6-deoxygalactose), which is often found in glycoproteins and is an important constituent of human blood group substances.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). 

Azuma, M., T. Tamatani, Y. Kasai, and M. Sato. 1993. Immortalization of normal human salivary gland cells with duct-, myoepithelial-, acinar-, or squamous phenotype by transfection with SV40 ori- mutant deoxyribonucleic acid. Lab Invest 69(1 ) 24—42. 

A second major area of biochemical importance concerns study of nucleotide polymerization to produce ribonucleic acids (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). Genes, the basis for inherited characteristics, are contained in DNA double-helical sections incorporated into coiled and supercoiled DNA structures. Genomics, the study of the total genetic assemblage of any species, is now a well-known topic to all, especially with the announcement of the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. More information on this topic is given in Section 2.3.6. 

Genotoxic effects have been reported in animals treated with 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine. A single dose of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (1,000 mg/kg) administered to male and pregnant female mice induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of the males and in the liver of the fetuses, but not in bone marrow of the dams (Cihak and Vontorkova 1987). A micronucleus test is performed to detect a chemical s ability to induce chromosomal aberrations. However, the relevance of micronuclei formation to human health is not known. The reason for the lack of effect of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine on bone marrow micronuclei formation in the mothers is unclear, but it may be related to deficiencies in the metabolic activation of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in female mice. The relative importance of pregnancy is unknown since the study did not evaluate nonpregnant females. In another study, an increase in unscheduled deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (UDS) was observed in cultured liver cells from male mice previously pretreated orally with single doses of 500 mg/kg 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine no response was observed at a dose of 200 mg/kg (Ashby and Mohammed 1988). 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as a template for the synthesis of nucleic acids. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) executes protein synthesis and thus permits cell growth. Synthesis of new DNA is a prerequisite for cell division. Substances that inhibit reading of genetic information at the DNA template damage the regulatory center of cell metabolism. The substances listed below are useful as antibacterial drugs because they do not affect human cells. 

The most important pyrimidine derivatives are those upon which biological organisms depend. Cytosine 1018 and uracil 1019 are found in ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the form of their ribonucleotides, cytidine 1020 and uridine 1021, while in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), cytosine and thymine 1022 are found in the form of their 2 -deoxyribonucleotides, 2 -deoxycytidine 1023 and thymidine 1024. 5-Methylcytosine 1025 is also found to a small extent (c. 5%) in human DNA in the form of its 2 -deoxyriboside 1026, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine-2 -deoxyriboside 1027 has also been detected in smaller amounts <2005CBI1>. Many variants of cytosine and uracil can be found in RNA including orotic acid 1028 in the form of its ribonucleotide orotidine 1029. Other pyrimidine derivatives to have been isolated from various biological sources include 2 -deoxyuridine 1030, alloxan 1031, and toxopyrimidine (pyramine) 1032 (Figure 2). 

What s DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, the helical ladderlike chain of molecules that makes up genes. DNA consists of a sugar molecule called deoxyribose (it is somewhat related to glucose), a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base, and phosphate atoms bonded to the other two components. It is the sequence of base pairs (one base on each strand) in DNA that determines the end-product (e.g., protein). The human genome— the entire DNA content of a human being—contains approximately 3 billion base pairs. 

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is the repository of hereditary characteristics. The most commonly described form of DNA is the double-stranded form, arranged as a helix. Chromosomes are composed of double-stranded DNA. So called DNA fingerprinting offers a basis for evaluating the probability that blood, hair, semen or tissue samples originate from a given person, and thus offers a forensic tool as well as a means to determine lineages of humans and animals... 

Feldman, G., Remsen, J., Wang, TV., and Cerutti, P. (1980). Formation and excision of covalent deoxyribonucleic acid adducts of benzo[a]pyrene, 4,5-epoxide and benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide I in human lung cells A549, Biochem. 19,1095. 

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