Deoxyribonucleic acid adducts

Feldman, G., Remsen, J., Wang, TV., and Cerutti, P. (1980). Formation and excision of covalent deoxyribonucleic acid adducts of benzo[a]pyrene, 4,5-epoxide and benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide I in human lung cells A549, Biochem. 19,1095. 

Hemminki, K., Perera, F. R, Phillips, D. H., Randerath, K., Reddy, M. V., and Santella, R. M. (1988). Aromatic deoxyribonucleic acid adducts in white blood cells of foundry and coke oven workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 14(Suppl 1), 55—56. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid footprinting studies have shown that HMG domains A and B inhibit cleavage by nucleases over a 12- to 15-base-pair region centered around the platinum adduct (81). The HMG proteins can modulate cisplatin cytotoxicity by inhibition of the excinuclease-mediated removal of Pt-d(GpG) adducts from DNA (82). However, this hypothesis has been questioned because there is no evidence for cellular protein shielding of Pt-d(GpG) adducts from repair enzymes (83). 

Baker SE, Cai W, Lasseter TL, Weidkamp KP, Hamers RJ (2002) Covalently bonded adducts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oligonucleotides with single-wall carbon nanotubes Synthesis and hybridization. Nano Lett. 2 1413-1417. 

For example, recent research has shown that adducts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins are formed on exposure to a number of chemicals, includ-... 

CD-COBS rats exposed to 1 g/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD by gavage once a week for 45 weeks (Loprieno et al. 1982), but an increased incidence was reported in Osbome-Mendel rats exposed to 4 g/kg twice a week for 13 weeks (Green et al. 1977). However, chromosomal aberrations were not increased in peripheral lymphocytes of monkeys exposed to 0.001 g/kg/day in the feed for 4 years (Lim et al. 1987). Furthermore, 7 daily doses of 12 g/kg did not induce dominant lethality in Wistar rats (Khera and Ruddick 1973). In addition, an intermediate-duration exposure to 1 g/kg/week of 2,3,7,8-TCDD or 1,2,3,7,8-PCDD for up to 6 months did not enhance the formation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts in rat hepatocytes (Randerath et al. 1989). In conclusion, CDDs were not genotoxic in most animal studies. Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.5. 

The remarkable progress achieved by Vouros et al. [120,121] in the CEC analysis of isomeric polyaromatic hydrocarbon deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts derived from in-vitro reactions of carcinogenic hydrocarbons with calf thymus DNA has been illustrated in a previous section. This work represents an... 

Chen ML, Lee BC, Mao IF, Liu TY. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleic acid (PAH-DNA) adduct levels and exposure to coke oven emissions among workers in Taiwan. Arch Environ Health 2003 58(5) 298 305. 

Domestic and natural combustion of coal, wood and other organic materials supply a steady source of PAHs. The environmental ubiquity of several aromatic representatives together with their procarcenogenic and mutagenic properties also created a great deal of interest in the formation of PAHs in fuel-rich flames as well as in the emission, occurrence and analysis of PAHs combined with aspects of metabolism, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-adduct formation, biomarkers, exposure and risk assessment [23]. 

Virus, bacteria, bacterial spores, as well as toxins have been found to be degraded by MgO chlorine adducts. The bacterial outer membrane appears to be ruptured by the oxidizing action of the chlorine as well as the abrasive action of the MgO crystals. It also appears that the polar bacterial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is strongly adsorbed by the MgO. 

If substance transportation inside a cell takes place, reactive chemicals can react with the cell components. Of special importance are adducts with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carries the full genetic information. Reactions with DNA can in principle cause carcinogenic effects. A discussion of these effects is given in Section 3.3.3. 

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