Deoxyribonucleic acid characterization

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which carry embedded in their complex molecules the genetic information that characterizes every organism, are found in virtually all living cells. Their molecules are very large and complex biopolymers made up basically of monomeric units known as nucleotides. Thus DNA and RNA are said to be polynucleotides. The nucleotides are made up of three bonded (linked) components a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups ... 

Ever since the beginning of life on primitive Earth, biopolymers and biomolecules have essentially comprised optically active constituents because of the natural selection of Z-amino acids and tZ-sugars. Although the origin of this biomolecular handedness is a long debated issue among biologists, chemists, physicists, and astronomers,1 5 it is accepted that our life is a consequence of the chemistry of homochiral biosubstances. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a classic example of a chiral biopolymer. Its chirality is essentially characterized... 

Chakravorty, A. Joslyn, M.L Davis, J.S. Characterization of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I actions in the bovine luteal cell Regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase activity, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Endocrinology, 133, 1331-1340 (1993)... 

Kempler, G. M. and McKay, L. L. 1979. Characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis Evidence for plamid-linked citrate utilization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 37, 316-323. 

Tokunaga, T., Yamamoto, H., Shimada, S., Abe, H., Fukuda, T., Fujisawa, Y. et al. (1984) Antitumor activity of deoxyribonucleic acid traction from Mycobacterium bovis BCG. I. Isolation, physicochemical characterization, and antitumor activity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 72, 955-962. 

Microsomal reduction of chromium(VI) can also result in the formation of chromium(V), which involves a one-electron transfer from the microsomal electron-transport cytochrome P450 system in rats. The chromium(V) complexes are characterized as labile and reactive. These chromium(V) intermediates persist for 1 hour in vitro, making them likely to interact with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which may eventually lead to cancer (Jennette 1982). Because chromium(V) complexes are labile and reactive, detection of chromium(V) after in vivo exposure to chromium(VI) was difficult in the past. More recently, Liu et al. (1994) have demonstrated that chromium(V) is formed in vivo by using low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on whole mice. In mice injected with sodium dichromate(VI) intravenously into the tail vein, maximum levels of chromium(V) were detected within 10 minutes and declined slowly with a life time of about 37 minutes. The time to reach peak in vivo levels of chromium(V) decreased in a linear manner as the administered dose levels of sodium... 

Information concerning the method of manufacture may be presented in the form of a flow chart. Supply a brief description of the methods of isolation (e.g., synthetic process, fermentation, extraction, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] procedure) and purification (solvent recrystallization, column chromatography, distillation). Include all synthetic pathways that have been adequately characterized during the investigational stages of drug development. 

Two enz)mies of pyrrolidine alkaloid formation responsible for the conversion of putrescine to the N-methylpyrrolinium ion have been investigated in some detail. PMT, partially purified from cultures of Hyoscyamus niger and fully characterized from Datura stramonium, has been cloned by differential screening of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) libraries from high- and low-nicotine-yielding N. tabacum plants (Hibi et ah, 1994). The enzyme shows considerable sequence homology to spermidine synthase but is distinct from this enz)mie as it only shows PMT activity when expressed in Escherichia coli. MPO has been isolated in pure form from N. tabacum transformed root cultures (McLauchlan et ah, 1993). It is quite widely spread in... 

Lipid-soluble hormones are transported in plasma bound to carrier proteins with only a small fi-action of the hormone being in the free or unbound state. The free hormone enters the cell via passive diffusion and binds to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or, more often, the nucleus (Figure 28-1). These receptors are characterized by a hormone-binding domain, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding domain, and an amino-terminal variable domain. Just as the interaction of protein or polypeptide hormones with cell-surface receptors changes the conformation of the receptor protein, the binding of a lipid-soluble hormone... 

Panet, A. van de Sande, J.H. Loewen, P.C. Khorana, H.G. Raae, A.J. Lille-haug, J.R. Kleppe, K. Physical characterization and simultaneous purification of bacteriophage T4 induced polynucleotide kinase, polynucleotide li-gase, and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. Biochemistry, 12, 5045-5050... 

Russell G.J. (1974). Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acids by doublet frequency analysis. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Glasgow, U.K. 

Mass spectrometry is an essential tool for the characterization of biomolecules, revealing the charge-to-mass ratio of analyte molecules following ionization. There is a strong need for effective MS in the analysis of proteins and peptides, where MS coupling is required to provide sufficient mass resolution and sequence information for modern proteomic analyses. Unlike deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), no techniques exists for the direct amplification of proteins, and thus detection sensitivity is paramount for the identification of low abundance species from limited samples. The matter is further complicated by the enormous dynamic range of protein abundance in complex samples. For... 

Silver, R.P. and Ealkow, S. (1970) Specific labeling and physical characterization of R-factor deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coll J. Bacteriol, 104, 331-339. 

Z. Kiani, M. Shafiei, P. Rahimi-Moghaddam, A.A. Karkhane, S.A. Ebrahimi, In vitro seledion and characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid aptamers for digoxin. Anal. Chim. Acta 748 (2012) 67-72. 

The progression of viral mRNA production during the infection cycle was characterized by means of qPCR measurements. MDCK cells infected with influenza A/PR/8 virus (multiplicity of infection = 100 one cell is virtually infected by 100 virus particles) were harvested at various points post infection. Noninfected cells were collected for control experiments. The total RNA was isolated and purified by using commercially available kits. The optical density (OD) of isolated RNA was measured and aliquots were subjected to in vitro transcription. After quantification (by OD measurements), the resulting complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) was analyzed in qPCR experiments. 

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