Unbound states

Both the AFM rupture experiments as well as our simulation studies focussed on the streptavidin-biotin complex as a model system for specific ligand binding. Streptavidin is a particularly well-studied protein and binds its ligand biotin with high affinity and specificity [51]. Whereas previous experiments (see references in Ref. [49]) and simulation studies [52] referred only to bound/unbound states and the associated kinetics, the recent AFM... 

Fig. 2. Energy level diagram where K—N correspond to electron energy levels for an atom, X to electrons in a particular energy level, and 0 to an empty slot in an energy level (1). Above the dashed line is the unbound state, (a) An atom of Ni, 28 electrons, in the lowest energy or ground state (b) an ion of Ni where on electron from the K level has been excited to the unbound state (c) the process by which Ni returns to the ground state where each arrow represents a transition for an electron from one level to another and (d) the energies of the levels in keV from which the energy of the emitted x-rays may...

The WC leaving the furnace is light gray with a bluish tinge. It is generally caked and must be broken up, milled, and screened before use. It should contain about 6.1—6.25 wt % total C, of which 0.03—0.15 wt % is in the free, unbound state. The theoretical C-content is 6.13 wt %. Annual world production of tungsten monocarbide is 15,000—18,000 metric tons. 

There are also unbound states for which the energy is positive. The unbound states are quite different from the bound ones, in that they are finite at infinity and at the origin. There is a continuous range of positive energies, and these correspond to ionization of the hydrogen atom. We will not need to consider the unbound states in this text. 

Repeat the derivation of the Michaelis-Menten rate law, assuming that there is a pre-equilibrium between the bound and the unbound states of the substrate. 

The study of receptor-ligand binding is one of the most important applications of free energy simulations [1]. To approach this problem theoretically, one must first partition the conformational space into bound and unbound states. There is no unique way to do this, but in practical situations there is often a natural choice. The equilibrium binding constant is... 

E is the enzyme, S is one inhibitor, S is the modified inhibitor, E+S represents the unbound state and E S represents the bound state. In this... 

Only 2% of total plasma testosterone is present in the active unbound state that penetrates the prostate cell, where it is converted to DHT by 5 a-reductase. DHT subsequently binds with a cytoplasmic receptor and is transported to the cell nucleus where transcription and translation of stored genetic material occur. 

Quencher the other end of the stem is attached to a group capable of quenching the fluorophore. When the beacon is in the unbound state, the close proximity of the quencher and fluorophore prevents the emission of light from the fluorophore. 

Generally extracellular proteins are rigid and are often cross-linked by S-S bridges. Intracellular proteins are more mobile especially if they are required to equilibrate between bound and unbound states involving DNA, RNA, or membrane surfaces. 

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