Dentistry dental caries

Horowitz, H. S. (1973). A review of systematic and topical fluorides for the prevention of dental caries. Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology, 1, 104-14. 

Banting DW (1991) Management of dental caries in the older patient. In Geriatric dentistry (eds. Papas AS, Niessen LG and Chauncey HH), Chap. 9, pp. 141-167. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis MO, USA. 

Fejerskov O and Nyvad B (1986) Pathology and treatment of dental caries in the aging individual. In Geriatric Dentistry (eds. Holm-Pedersen P and Loe H), Chap. 19, pp. 238-262. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

O. Fejerskov, B. Nyvad, Is dental caries an infectious disease Diagnostic and treatment consequences for the practitioner, in L. Schon(Ed.), Nordic Dentistry 2003 Yearbook, Quintessence Publishing, Copenhagen, 2003, pp. 141-151. 

Grenby, T.H., Andrews, A.T., Mistry, M., and Williams, R.J.H. 2001. Dental caries—protective agents in milk and milk products investigation in vitro. J. Dentistry 29, 83-92. 

This chapter describes how a traditional discussion of atomic structure and its relationship to organic chemistry is relevant to dentistry. Although the fundamental chemistry and biochemistry described here are common knowledge, the discussion centers on the associations with teeth and dental disease (Sects. 1 and 2). In addition, the difference between respiration and fermentation and the different types of fermentations involved in dental caries and periodontal disease are discussed (Sect. 3). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the difference between the outer cell surface of gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria that is important in causing these diseases (Sect. 4). 

Fluorine is present on earth only as fluoride, a negatively charged anion that is especially important in dentistry because of its ability to mediate protection from dental caries (Chapter 16, section 16.2.1.). Although metabolites of chlorine and iodine are ubiquitous, few biological products contain fluoride because of its tight hydration shell. The few enzymes that utilize fluoride as a cofactor must overcome an exceptionally high desolvation energy barrier. 

The formal discipline of dentistry was initially developed in the late 19th century to treat dental caries, but it quickly spread to treat all diseases that alfect the oral cavity. Dental treatments have progressed enormously over the last 40 years, as have treatments for many other diseases. The most powerful new dental treatments have come from water fluoridation, better oral hygiene measures, new mechanical or replacement materials, and the adoption of drugs developed for non-dental diseases. Nevertheless, these measures are not universally effective and improvements can be made in many areas. 

D B Mirth, The uk of controlled and sustained release devices in dentistry A review of applications for the control of dental caries , Phartrutcol Ther Dent, 1980 5 59-67. 

Southward, K. (201 l).The systemic theory of dental caries. General Dentistry, 59(5), 367-73. 

Silverstone LM Structural alterations of human dental enamel during incipient carious lesion development in Rowe N (ed) Proceedings of Symposium on Incipient Caries of Enamel. The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1977, pp 3 12. 

As in rodents and other animals, there is much individual variation in human caries experience. In the Vipeholm study, 25% of subjects taking the sticky candies did not develop any cavities over 6 years, whereas a few cavities appeared in control subjects who received a diet that contained little carbohydrate and no refined carbohydrate. A few cavities also appeared in children of the Hopewood House study who received a similar diet. Within 74 junior and senior dental students attending the College of Dentistry at the University of Oklahoma in 1985 (mean age 26 years), the mean DMFT was 8.4 with a variability of 40% about the mean (Fig. 15.10). Two had only one tooth affected and two others had, respectively 15 and 16 teeth affected. The variation is due to differences in microbiota, dietary carbohydrate intake, sahva flow, fluoride exposure, and acquired immunity (Table 15.1). 

Fig. 15.10 Distribution of caries in a dental student population. The number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth due to caries (excluding third molars) was obtained for 74 junior and senior dental students attending the University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry in 1985 (M. Levine Unpublished data)...

In addition to these features of lack of caries management and a ruthless policy of tooth extraction, low- and middle-income countries typically have unreliable or non-existent electrical power supplies. This means that electrically driven drills and burs cannot be used in routine clinical dentistry. The high price of such dental units is a further problem in low- and middle-income countries and contributes to their relative scarcity. 

A material used in dentistry must have properties that maximize both patient comfort and the lifetime of the implant. Dental fillings and tooth replacements must be re.sistant to adds, for example, because many foods (such as citrus fruits and soft drinks) contain acids directly. Any food containing carbohydrates can produce acids, though, if traces are left in the mouth because the bacteria that reside there consume carbohydrates, producing acids in the process. These acids eat away at the natural hydroxyapatite in teeth, creating caries (cavities). Materials like dental amalgam, gold, and dental composite resist attack by acids in the mouth. 

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