Contribution focus

The first group of contributions focus on regulation and competition in the... 

The second series of contributions focus on the analysis of the application and effectiveness of the main instruments public financing agencies use to regulate pharmaceutical expenditure, on both the demand side and the supply side. 

The various MS methods to determine the molecular composition of the constituent monomeric units in proanthocyanidins oligomers are summarized in Ref. 257. Contributions focusing on proanthocyanidin analysis via the HPLC-MS protocol included a wide range of plant-derived foods and beverages, and are summarized in Refs. 12, 258-261. In addition, references to additional significant contributions in this area are readily available via several of the excellent electronic search engines that are at our disposal. 

Abstract This contribution focuses upon the application of evolutionary algorithms to the non-deterministic polynomial hard problem of global cluster geometry optimization. The first years of method development in this area are sketched briefly followed by a characterization of the current state of the art by an overview of recent application work. Strengths and weaknesses of this approach are highlighted by comparison with alternative methods. Last but not least, current method development trends and desirable future development directions are summarized. 

DV-Xa 96 took place in the ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary, on 2-3 September 1996, ensuring a quiet place, good conditions, and a stimulating atmosphere for the lectures and discussions. The 40 invited participants (half of the attendance from Japan) represented six countries, and the scientific program involved 10 Keynote Lectures reviewing central issues in the development and application of the DV-Xa method, as well as 17 Invited Contributions focusing on the latest results. 

This contribution focuses primarily on those metal oxides that are viewed as immediately relevant to electrocatalysis, but for additional information on the subject the reader is directed to a recent review article [2j]. It has been shown that after exposure to air, nanosized (e.g., 3-5 nm) colloidal Fe Co and Nl particles cannot be redispersed because they are immediately oxidized both in solution and in powder form. When the addition of oxygen is precisely controlled, e.g., by using stoichiometric amounts of O2 diluted in large excess of argon, an... 

Since the objective of the studies described herein is the characterisation of the solute species formed following redox reaction the very extensive research dealing with characterisation of the electrode/solute interface will not be discussed, excellent overviews of the experimental aspects of this subject are available. While this contribution focuses on applications involving IR, Raman spectroscopy has proved to be invaluable to many SEC studies where surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and resonance Raman spectroscopy dominate. Reviews and recent studies attest to the value of these approaches. ... 

IMI has recently issued several reports describing industrial applications of heterogeneous Heck catalysis for the manufacture of chemical building blocks [21-23]. This contribution focused on two classes of organic compounds in industrial use-cinnamates (sunscreens and intermediates for pharmaceuticals) and ben-zophenones (Scheme 2). 

It is the aim of the present issue of Topics in Current Chemistry to highlight some of the most attractive recent developments in colloid chemistry which are expected to have broader relevance and to be interesting to a more general readership. The contributions focus both on tools and procedures as well as on potential applications. 

The present contribution focuses on the effect of various elements added by ion implantation on the isothermal and cyclic oxidation behaviour of the 7-Ti A1 based inter-metallic alloys Ti-48Al-2Cr and Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb at 800°C in air.These particular materials were selected since the ternary chromium addition improves the mechanical properties especially room temperature ductility [9-11] and the quaternary niobium addition improves the oxidation resistance [8, 14, 15]. Comparison will be made between materials modified by ion implantation and alloys in which elements were added by alloying techniques. 

Addition reactions contain the largest synthetic potential in fullerene chemistry but they can also be used as a probe for screening the chemical properties of fullerene surfaces. Analysis of the nature of addition reactions, of geometric and electronic structures of educts and products allows one to deduce reactivity principles which are the central subject of this article. One striking conclusion is the following the fullerenes drew attention to a mostly overlooked chemistry criterion - the shape dependence of reactivity. This contribution focuses on the reactivity principles of Cgg as the most important and most intensively investigated fullerene. The addition chemistry of the higher fullerenes follows similar principles. 

This contribution focuses on antiallergic agents derived from marine algae and presents an overview of their potential application in medicinal foods for the treatment of allergic disorders. 

For the sake of brevity and considering given scientific and economic developments, this contribution focuses on CHO cells as one of the major players in mammalian-cell-based biopharmaceutical production. Unless otherwise stated, these cells are discussed and - where necessary - compared to alternative mammalian production systems. 

As mentioned before, the scientific results discussed in this contribution focus on monitoring of reactive organometallic species by ATR-IR sp>ectroscopy utilizing mid-IR fibre probes. While alkoxide sp>ecies, the conjugated base of an alcohol, are rather generally applied in synthetic chemistry (e.g. bases, nucleophiles and hj nds) organohthium compounds require further introduction. 

The study of the chemistry and biology of strained four-membered heterocycles has become an extremely active field of research in 2014. In this chapter, the reader will find a brief discussion of new contributions focused on fields such as organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. For the sake of clarity, contributions are separated in sections depending on the nature of the heteroatom. Although oxa- and azaheterocycle derivatives dominate the field in terms of the number of scientific pubheations, the chemistry of sulfur-, silicon-, and phosphorus-based heterocycles is also of great relevance.The aim here is not to provide an in-depth analysis of all the vast scientific Hterature concerning four-membered heterocycles during the calendar year 2014. Consequently, there are many examples that are cited but not covered in detail. 

High contribution focus Not managed, poorly measured Plush, service driven Narrow, price driven... 

High contribution focus Price products and services to meet profitability goals... 

It is worth mentioning here that the present contribution focuses on the definition of the RD process structure, paying less explicit attention to a detailed analysis of the actual dynamics of the unit, which might be described using non-equilibrium models. An extended review on this last topic can be found in the publications of Taylor and Krishna (2000) Krishnamurthy and Taylor (1985) Taylor and Krishna (1993, 2003). Furthermore, the temporal features of the process unit(s) e.g. operability and availability) are not fully considered in the proposed methodology, as availability is foreseen to be taken into account at the next level of engineering detail. 

---