Deleterious consequences

An antimicrobial preservative serves to protect materials and products from the deleterious consequences of microbial growth and activities. 

HIV-1 protein virotoxins (Nath 2002), released from infected cells, have direct bystander effects on neighboring gUa and neurons and cause many of the deleterious consequences of HIV-1. Residual viral proteins, including Tat, gpl20 and Vpr,... 

Reactive macroalkyl radicals are formed during stress-initiated scission of the polymer backbone occassioned by the application of mechanical shear during industrial processing of thermoplastic polymers. These radicals undergo further reactions with other species or reactive sites, most important of which is molecular oxygen (dissolved or trapped in the polymer feed), with deleterious consequences. 

The reduction of Fe(III) by carotenoids may have deleterious consequences. The reduced iron Fe(II) can react with hydrogen peroxide leading to the formation of hydroxyl radical, the most reactive free radical encountered in biological systems (Equation 15.10) ... 

Finally, an intriguing possible future therapy arises from a radical idea of Horrobin (2001) that schizophrenia is a nutritional disorder linked to a decreased intake of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recent 31P-MRS studies have shown changes in plasma membrane phospholipids in the neocortex of unmedicated schizophrenics, which would have deleterious consequences on synaptic neurotransmission (Fukuzako, 2001). A clinical trial with the co6 fatty acid derivative ethyleicosa-pentaenoic acid (LAX-101) in patients who had been unresponsive to clozapine, reported that a daily dose of 2g LAX-101 gave a 26% improvement in symptoms over 12 weeks compared with 6% with placebo (Peet and Horrobin, 2001). Maybe in... 

Nevertheless, their potential use in large treatments will depend on systemic actions, since the beneficial effects may be counterbalanced by deleterious consequences on the cardiovascular (Hegele-Hartung et al. 1997) and skeletal systems (Gallagher et al. 1993). Moreover, most pure antiestrogens have a poor oral bio availability. Therefore, the use of other routes of administration, such as intravenously, is mandatory. In some cases, to circumvent such problems, the production of nanospheres loaded with the pure antiestrogen RU 58668 has been tested (Ameller et al. 2004). 

As implied above, acetaldehyde is toxic the accumulation of this metabolite leads to many of the deleterious consequences of alcohol intoxication because it is able to alter... 

Neither P840 nor iodixanol had major deleterious consequences on the GFR up to 90 min following injection (Table 9). The selected doses were different for P840 and iodixanol since the expected clinical dose of the SCBPA is lower than that of a classic NS-CA. Since acute renal failure is defined as a rapid and sustained decrease in renal function and since renal function is best evaluated by measurement of the GFR [36], such a parameter appears to be of particular clinical interest. 

Mutations in somatic cells may be lethal or may be transferred to daughter cells with deleterious consequences for the affected organism, e.g., when they occur in protooncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and/or repair genes, ranging from trivial to detrimental or lethal. 

In depressed adults (APA, 2000), patients who have only a single, uncomplicated episode of depression, or those with mild episodes or with lengthy intervals between episodes (e.g., 5 years) should probably not start maintenance treatment. There is also consensus that adult patients with three or more episodes (especially if they occur in a short period of time or have deleterious consequences) and those with chronic depression should receive maintenance treatment. 

The disk rotation is specified by a boundary condition for W at z = 0. In principal, a nonzero circumferential velocity could also be specified at the inlet. Physically, however, inlet swirl can lead to difficulties. When the flow swirls and the stagnation surface is stationary, a tomadolike circumstance is created. Fluid tends to be drawn radially inward near the stationary surface, which has deleterious consequences that are similar to starved flow. 

Another example of a GeMM transgenic model displaying clinical like conditions including cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and heart failure is the a-myosin heavy chain promoter 11 p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 transgenic mouse (18). Eplerenone (INSPRA , Pfizer Inc.), a selective aldosterone blocker, was tested in this model and proved to ameliorate the phenotype. This model revealed the deleterious consequences of inappropriate mineralocorticoid receptor activation in the heart and supported the notion that aldosterone blockade may provide additional therapeutic benefit in the treatment of heart failure. 

Krebs, R.A. and M.E. Feder (1997). Deleterious consequences of hsp70 overexpression in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Cell Stress Chaperones 2 60-71. 

The great majority of statistical procedures are based on the assumption of normality of variables, and it is well known that the central limit theorem protects against failures of normality of the univariate algorithms. Univariate normality does not guarantee multivariate normality, though the latter is increased if all the variables have normal distributions in any case, it avoids the deleterious consequences of skewness and outliers upon the robustness of many statistical procedures. Numerous transformations are also able to reduce skewness or the influence of outlying objects. 

Some haem proteins undergo a peroxidase cycle like that in Fig. 2, but very slowly, e.g. myoglobin converting to ferryl myoglobin. In this case the reaction is presumed not to have a physiological role. Indeed, it can have deleterious consequences (see section 5). 

Site-directed mutagenesis, by which one amino acid in a protein is substituted for another, is an established and invaluable tool in protein chemistry. However, the size and complexity of proteins often precludes unambiguous interpretation of the results of such experiments. This is due to the non-uniform distribution of structural information within a protein sequence - the fact that some residues are tolerant to substitution, whereas others cannot be replaced without deleterious consequences - and to the many energetically similar conformational states available to any polypeptide. These factors, and the extreme sensitivity of catalytic activity to seemingly modest structural perturbation, make characterization and (re)design of enzymes in the laboratory difficult. 

Humans are exposed continuously and unavoidably to a myriad of potentially toxic chemicals that are inherently lipophilic and, consequently, very difficult to excrete. To effect their elimination, the human body has developed appropriate enzyme systems that can transform metabolically these chemicals to hydrophilic, readily excretable, metabolites. This biotransformation process occurs in two distinct phases. Phase I and Phase II, and involves several enzyme systems, the most important being the cytochromes P450. The expression of these enzyme systems is regulated genetically but can be modulated also other factors, such as exposure to chemicals that can either increase or impair activity. Paradoxically, the same xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme systems also can convert biologically inactive chemicals to highly reactive intermediates that interact with vital cellular macromolecules and elicit various forms of toxicity. Thus, xenobiotic metabolism does not always lead to deactivation but can result also in metabolic activation with deleterious consequences. 

A classic example of a drug that works by species-specific protein inhibition is trimethoprim (TMP). Because this drug binds to bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) 10 moie tightly than to the mammalian enzyme, there is a therapeutic concentration in which the drug can be used as an antibacterial with little deleterious consequences for a mammalian host. 

The molecular defect in most cases of familial hypercholesterolemia is an absence or deficiency of functional receptors for LDL. Receptor mutations that disrupt each of the stages in the endocytotic pathway have been identified. Homozygotes have almost no functional receptors for LDL, whereas heterozygotes have about half the normal number. Consequently, the entry of LDL into liver and other cells is impaired, leading to an increased plasma level of LDL. Furthermore, less IDL enters liver cells because IDL entry, too, is mediated by the LDL receptor. Consequently, IDL stays in the blood longer in familial hypercholesterolemia, and more of it is converted into LDL than in normal people. All deleterious consequences of an absence or deficiency of the LDL receptor can be attributed to the ensuing elevated level of LDL cholesterol in the blood. 

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