Delayed hypothermia

Baker C. J., Onesti S. T., and Solomon R. A. (1992) Reduction by delayed hypothermia of cerebral infarction following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat a time-course study. J. Neurosurg. 77,438 144. 

KEY STUDIES OF DELAYED HYPOTHERMIA IN RODENT GLOBAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA MODELS... 

Research into the beneficial effects of delayed hypothermia on ischemic injury was renewed largely as a result of the positive findings... 

Rosomoff H. L., Shulman K., and Raynor R. (1960) Experimental brain injury and delayed hypothermia. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 110, 27-32. 

Reduction in temperature to above 0°C is the common denominator to all techniques for inhibiting warm ischaemic damage. However, hypothermia alone can only delay the onset of irreversible damage and not prevent it. Furthermore, cold can itself be damaging. Kidneys for transplantation are in clinical practice cooled to 0°-10°C either after they have been removed from... 

TS is a multisystem disorder, with characteristic functional and developmental abnormalities in several organ systems including heart, skin, eyes, teeth, immune system and the brain consistent with the ubiquitous expression of the Cav1.2 channel. In a study of seventeen children with TS, it was established that while arrhythmias are the most serious element of the disorder, patients have additional elements including congenital heart disease, dysmorphic facial features, developmental and cognitive delays, immune deficiency, intermittent hypoglycemia and hypothermia and four of the seventeen children studied with TS met the criteria... 

Yamashita K., Eguchi Y., Kajiwara K., and Ito H. (1991) Mild hypothermia ameliorates ubiquitin synthesis and prevents delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Stroke 22, 1574-1581. 

Kuboyama K., Safar P., Radovsky A., Tisherman S. A., Stezoski S. W., and Alexander H. (1993) Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resus-citative cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs a prospective, randomized study. Crit. Care Med. 21, 1348-1358. 

Carroll M. and Beek O. (1992) Protection against hippocampal CA1 cell loss by post-ischemic hypothermia is dependent on delay of initiation and duration. Metab. Brain Dis. 7,45-50. 

Dietrich W. D., Lin B., Globus M. Y., Green E. J., Ginsberg M. D., and Busto R. (1995) Effect of delayed MK-801 (dizocilpine) treatment with or without immediate postischemic hypothermia on chronic neuronal survival after global forebrain ischemia in rats. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 960-968. 

Pazos A. J., Green E. J., Busto R., et al. (1999) Effects of combined postischemic hypothermia and delayed A-tert-butyl-alpha-pheylnitrone (PBN) administration on histopathological and behavioral deficits associated with transient global ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 846, 186-195. 

Colbourne F. and Corbett D. (1994) Delayed and prolonged post-ischemic hypothermia is neuroprotective in the gerbil. Brain Res. 654, 265-272. 

Colbourne F. and Corbett D. (1995) Delayed postischemic hypothermia a six month survival study using behavioral and histological assessments of neuroprotection. J. Neurosci. 15, 7250-7260. 

Mitani A. and Kataoka K. (1991) Critical levels of extracellular glutamate mediating gerbil hippocampal delayed neuronal death during hypothermia brain microdialysis study. Neuroscience 42, 661-670. 

The concept of neuroprotection relies on the fact that delayed neuronal injury occurs after ischemia, and each step along the ischemic cascade provides a target for therapeutic intervention. Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of neuronal and vascular injury is critical to optimize treatment. This chapter reviews experimental evidence from studies on focal cerebral ischemia and mild hypothermia, as well as the mechanisms involved in mild hypothermic neuroprotection. 

Markarian et al., 1996 SD rats MCAo and bilateral carotid occlusion 3 h, with reperfusion 32-33 and 36-37, for 1-4 h intra-and postischemia or delayed 15, 30, or 45 min after ischemia onset Infarct volume Reduced infarct volume (larger reductions with longer hypothermia), less effective when delayed 45 min... 

Fig. 1. Coronal sections from representative normothermic (N) animals and animals treated with 2 h of hypothermia (33°C) started at ischemia onset (HO) or with delays of 90 (H90), 120 (H120), or 180 (H180) min and allowed to survive for 3 d following 2-h MCAO. The coronal sections were incubated in 2% triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) at 37°C for 15 min. Dark areas indicate viable tissue while pale areas indicate infarcted tissue.

We recently carried out a study (40) to determine the effects of delaying induction of mild hypothermia after transient focal cerebral ischemia and to ascertain whether the neuroprotective effects of mild hypothermia induced during the ischemic period are sustained over... 

Meden P., Overgaard K., Pedersen H., and Boysen G. (1994) Effect of hypothermia and delayed thrombolysis in a rat embolic stroke model. Acta Neurol. Scand. 90, 91-98. 

KaribeH.,ZarowG. J., GrahamS. H., and WeinsteinP.R. (1994) Mild intraischemic hypothermia reduces postischemic hyperperfusion, delayed postischemic hypoperfusion, blood-brain barrier disruption, brain edema, and neuronal damage volume after temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 620-627. 

Maier C. M., Sun G. H., Kunis D., Yenari M. A., and Steinberg G. K. (2001) Delayed induction and long-term effects of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia neurological outcome and infarct size. J. Neurosurg. 94, 90-96. 

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