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Izumiyama K, Kogure K. (1988). Effect of dihydroergotoxine mesylate (Hydergine) on delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Acta Neurol Scand. 78(3) 214-20. 

Oxidative neuronal damage also contributes to delayed neuronal death after global cerebral ischemia as demonstrated by studies in humans (Love et al. 1998, 1999). 

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Kawano, T., Fukunaga, K., Takeuchi, Y., Morioka, M., Yano, S., Hamada, J., Ushio, Y., and Miyamoto, E. (2001). Neuroprotective effect of sodium orthovanadate on delayed neuronal death after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbil hippocampus. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21,... 

Van Lookeren Campagne M, Thomas GR, Thibodeaux H, Palmer JT, Williams SP, Lowe DG, van Bruggen N (1999) Secondary reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water, increase in cerebral blood volume, and delayed neuronal death after middle cerebral artery occlusion and early reperfusion in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19 1354-1364... 

Li F, Han SS, Tatlisumak T, Liu KF, Garcia JH, Sotak CH, Fisher M (1999) Reversal of acute apparent diffusion coefficient abnormalities and delayed neuronal death following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Ann Neurol 46 333-342... 

Yamashita K., Eguchi Y., Kajiwara K., and Ito H. (1991) Mild hypothermia ameliorates ubiquitin synthesis and prevents delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Stroke 22, 1574-1581. 

Mitani A. and Kataoka K. (1991) Critical levels of extracellular glutamate mediating gerbil hippocampal delayed neuronal death during hypothermia brain microdialysis study. Neuroscience 42, 661-670. 

Colboume F., Sutherland G., and Auer R. N. (1997) New features of delayed neuronal death in gerbils treated with prolonged postischemic hypothermia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23, 1917. 

Nakamura, T, Minamisawa, H., Katayama, Y, Ueda, M., Terashi, A., Nakamura, K., and Kudo, Y. 1999. Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the hippocampal CAl area during global ischemia and reperfusion in the rat a possible cause of delayed neuronal death. Neuroscience 88, 51-61. 

Erin, N., and Billingsley, M.L. 2004. Domoic acid enhances Bcl-2-calcineurin-inositol-l,4,5-trisphosphate receptor interactions and delayed neuronal death in rat brain slices. Brain Research 1014, 45. 

Lees, G. J., The possible contribution of microglia and macrophages to delayed neuronal death after ischaemia, J. Neurol. Sci., 114, 119, 1993. 

Finally, prostaglandins from COX-2 may play an important role in certain neurological disorders. For example, the prevalence of Alzheimer s disease seems to be lower in those patients that take NSAIDs [51]. COX-2 im-munoreactivity increases in certain brain tissues following cerebral ischemia and the upregulation of COX-2 has been implicated in delayed neuronal death. In rodent studies, selective COX-2 inhibitors attenuated the infarct volume in the hemisphere where the injury was induced. The mechanism by which selective inhibitors showed activity in this model was attributed to inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation by COX-2 [52]. 

The protective effect of theanine on ischemic delayed neuronal death in field CAl of the gerbil hippocampus was examined (figure 16.9). One microliter of theanine from each of the three concentrations (50, 125, and 500 mM) was admin-... 

Kakuda, T., Yanase, H., Utsnnomiya, K., Nozawa, A., Unno, T., and Kataoka, K. 2000. Protective effect of gamma-glntamylethylamide (theanine) on ischemic delayed neuronal death in gerbils. Neurosci. Lett. 289 89-192. 

Apoptosis has been implicated in delayed neuronal death associated with many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson s disease, stroke, Huntington s disease, traumatic head injury, Alzheimer s disease, motor neuron degeneration, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis. Since an extensive description of the role of apoptosis in each of these disorders is beyond the scope of the present text, we shall focus on anti-apoptotic strategies for stroke, Parkinson s disease, and multiple sclerosis. 

Shigeno, T., Mima, T., Takakura, K., Graham, D.L, Kato, G Hashimoto, Y. and Furukawa, S. (1991) Amelioration of delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus by nerve growth factor. J. Neurosci. 11 2914-2919. 

Hoffmann, M.C., Nitsch, C., Scotti, A.L., Reinhard, E. and Monard, D. (1992) The prolonged presence of glia-derived nexin, an endogenous protease inhibitor, in the hippocampus after ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death. Neuroscience 49 397-408. 

Kawahara N, Wang Y, Mukasa A, Furuya K, Shimizu T, Hamakubo T, Abmatani H, Kodama T, Kirino T. Genomewide gene expression analysis for induced ischemic tolerance and delayed neuronal death following transient global ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004 24 212-223... 

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Plesnila N, von Baumgarten L, Retiounskaia M, Engel D, Ardeshiri A, Zimmermann R, Hoffmann F, Landshamer S, Wagner E, Culmsee C (2007) Delayed neuronal death after brain trauma involves p53-dependent inhibition of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. Cell Death Differ 14 1529-1541... 

Nitatori T, Sato N, W uri S et al. Delayed neuronal death in the CAl pyramidal cell layer of the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia is apoptosis. J Neurosci 1995 15 1001-1011. 

Cole KK, Perez-Polo JR. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition prevents both apoptotic-like delayed neuronal death and necrosis after H(2)0(2) injury. J Neurochem 2002 82 19-29. 

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