Middle cerebral artery occlusion

Slivka A, Murphy E, Horrocks L. Cerebral edema after temporary and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Stroke 1995 26 1061-1065. 

Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and the PROACT Trial The safety and efficacy of lAT in the anterior circulation have been evaluated in two randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trials. In the Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism (PROACT) 1 and 11 trials, patients with proximal MCA (Ml or M2 segment) occlusions within 6 hours of symptom onset were treated with recombinant prourokinase (r-pro-UK) or placebo. ... 

Izumi Y Roussel S, Pinard E, Seylaz J. Reduction of infarct volume by magnesium after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991 11 1025-1030. 

Corbett D, Hamilton M, Colboume F. Persistent neuroprotection with prolonged postischemic h3fpothermia in adult rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Exp Neurol 2000 163 200-206. 

Weinstein PR, Anderson GG, Telles DA. Results of h3fperbaric oxygen therapy during temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in unanesthetized cats. Neurosurgery 1987 20 518-524. 

Straub S, Junghans U, Jovanovic V, Wittsack HJ, Seitz RJ, Siebler M. Systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and tirofiban in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2004 35 705-709. 

Kiening KL. Schneider GH, Unterherg AE, Lanksch WR. Effect of tromethamine (THAM) on infarct volume following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Acta Neurochir 1997 70 188-190. 

Martz, D., Rayos, G., Schielke, G.P. and Betz, A.L. (1989). Allopurinol and dimethylthiourea reduce brain infarction following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 20, 488-494. 

N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is an inhibitor of NOS L-NAME reportedly reduces the volume of cortical and striatal infarct after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. This protection can be reversed by co-injection of L-arginine. L-NAME also reduced the excitotoxic damage induced by NMDA injection. Finally, the authors showed that L-NAME reduced glutamate efflux produced by ischaemic injury in rats. The authors concluded that NOS induced by NMDA receptor overstimulation is a key event in the neuronal injury cascade (Buisson eta/., 1993). 

In contrast to the deleterious effects of arginine described by Buisson, L-arginine was shown to decrease infarct size caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. L-Arginine is a precursor for NO synthesis by NOS. The authors attributed the protection to dilation of cerebral blood vessels by NO (Morikawa et 1992). These examples illustrate the difficulty that the NO villain/protector paradox presents to us. 

Morikawa, E., Huang, Z. and Moskowitz, M.A. (1992). l-Aiginine decreases infarct size caused by middle cerebral arterial occlusion in SHR. Am. J. Physiol. 263, H1632-H1635. 

Although liver uptake of this compound is relatively high, the ischemic regions of the heart were visualized. SPECT images obtained from cats that were administered BMS-181321 one hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) showed selective brain retention in the ischemic territory of the MCA... 

T. Malinski, F. Bailey, Z.G. Zhang, and M. Chopp, Nitric-oxide measured by a porphyrinic microsensor in rat-brain after transient middle cerebral-artery occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 355-358 (1993). 

Papadopoulos, C. M., Tsai, S-Y., Alsbiei, T., O Brien, T. E., Schwab, M. E. and Kartje, G. L. Functional recovery and neuroanatomical plasticity following middle cerebral artery occlusion and IN-1 antibody treatment in the adult rat. Ann. Neurol. 51 433-441, 2002. 

KawasakiYatsugi S, Ichiki C, Yatsugi S, et al (2000) Neuroprotective effects of an AMPA receptor antagonist YM872 in a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Neuropharmacology 39 211-217... 

D. Eidelberg, G. Johnson, P.S. Tofts, J. Dobbin, H.A. Crockard, D. Plummer, F imaging of cerebral blood oxygenation in experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion Preliminary results, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8 (1988) 276-281. 

Many pathological conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion, inflammation, and sepsis may induce tissues to simultaneously produce both superoxide and nitric oxide. For example, ischemia allows intracellular calcium to accumulate in endothelium (Fig. 20). If the tissue is reperfused, the readmission of oxygen will allow nitric oxide as well as superoxide to be produced (Beckman, 1990). For each 10-fold increase in the concentration of nitric oxide and superoxide, the rate of peroxynitrite formation will increase by 100-fold. Sepsis causes the induction of a second nitric oxide synthase in many tissues, which can produce a thousand times more nitric oxide than the normal levels of the constitutive enzyme (Moncada et al., 1991). Nitric oxide and indirectly peroxynitrite have been implicated in several important disease states. Blockade of nitric oxide synthesis with N-methyl or N-nitroarginine reduces glutamate-induced neuronal degeneration in primary cortical cultures (Dawson et al., 1991). Nitroarginine also decreases cortical infarct volume by 70% in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (Nowicki et al., 1991). Myocardial injury from a combined hy-... 

Jiang, W., Gu, W., Brannstrom, T., Rosqvist, R., Wester, P. (2001). Cortical neurogenesis in adult rats after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke, 32, 1201-7. 

Ogawa A., Yoshimoto T., Kikuchi H., Sano K., Saito I., Yamaguchi T., and Yasuhara H. (1999). Ebselen in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 9 112-118. 

Temporal effects of left versus right middle cerebral artery occlusion on spleen lymphocyte subsets and mitogenic responses in Wister rats. Brain Res 955 85-97. 

Okada, M., Nakanishi, H., Tamura, A., Urae, A., Mine, K., Yamamoto, K., and Fujiwara, M. (1995). Long-term spatial cognitive impairment after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats No involvement of the hippocampus.. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 1012—1021. 

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