Dehydration, adverse effects

Diluted ODA may be fed directly to saturated and superheated steam without adverse effects however, ODA acetate solution should not be fed directly to superheated steam because dehydration of the salt occurs, resulting in the production of various amine acetamides. These are not corrosion inhibitors and may cause gunking and deposits to occur. Similarly, ODA acetate should not be fed directly to saturated steam ahead of pressure reducing (PR) valves or other types of appurtenances that may cause localized superheat conditions. 

The most clinically significant adverse effect of foscarnet is renal impairment. Nephrotoxicity is most likely to occur during the second week of induction therapy but may occur at any time during induction or maintenance therapy. Serum creatinine levels may be elevated in up to 33 to 50% of patients this effect is usually reversible upon drug discontinuation. Dehydration, previous renal impairment, and concurrent administration of other nephrotoxic drugs increase the risk of renal toxicity. Infusion of fluids along with foscarnet decreases the likelihood of renal impairment to about 12%. Dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal insufficiency. 

Crude Oil Dehydration A Look at Methods and Costs" by Wallace highlights the importance of considering operating costs in making tradeoff decisions between treating methods. In particular, the adverse effects of heat on treating economics ate discussed. 

The adverse effects associated with tositumomab therapeutic regimen include anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, infections, hemorrhage and allergic reactions. Increased risk of secondary neoplasia and myelodysplasia has also been reported with this regimen. Other side effects produced by tositumomab therapy include pneumonia, pleural effusion and dehydration, GI discomfort and infusional toxicity. Delayed adverse reactions include hypothyroidism and HAMA. 

Because aromatic hydrocarbons are rapidly absorbed by the system, resulting in adverse effects, the worker must be aware of protective measures during handling. For instance, these compounds have caused defatting, skin dehydration, and dermatitis. Their affinity to blood-forming tissue and myelotoxic reaction prolonged exposure results in carcinogenicity. Further, these compounds have caused... 

Adverse effects Side effects depend on the route of administration. For example, local irritation may occur from topical application headache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may result after oral administration transient renal dysfunction may occur at high doses or in a dehydrated patient receiving the drug intravenously. 

Q7 Laxatives are often misused/abused, for example in slimming disorders, to increase gut transit rate and so limit absorption of foods. Side effects which may occur include flatulence, and abdominal distension or discomfort with bulk-forming and osmotic laxatives. Other adverse effects may include diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, weakness, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, for example hypokalaemia. The most prominent side effect of the powerful stimulant/irritant laxatives is abdominal cramping, which is due to increased peristalsis. 

Adverse effects of laxative use or misuse include flatulence, abdominal distension, cramps and discomfort, diarrhoea, weakness, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. 

Fenamic acid. The principal adverse effects of mefenamic acid are diarrhoea, upper abdominal discomfort, peptic ulcer and haemolytic anaemia. Elderly patients who take mefenamic acid may develop nonoliguric renal failure especially if they become dehydrated, e.g. by diarrhoea the drug should be avoided or used with close supervision in the elderly. 

Adverse effects are nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite (usually because of the sweet taste) as well as flatulence, meteorism and tenesmus (owing to the formation of gas in the intestine). Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance should not arise if two or three stools a day are maintained. Compliance on the part of the patient is considerably restricted due to the very sweet taste of lactu-... 

When problems do arise they usually reflect either interactions, which with caution could have been avoided, or relative overdosage. In the course of time the recommended antihypertensive doses of diuretics have been reduced, and some adverse effects that were noted in the early years are now of less significance these include hypotension, dehydration, reduction of the glomerular filtration rate, and severe hypokalemia. Continued use of thiazides in excessive doses may reflect ignorance of their very flat dose-response curve (1). At currently recommended low doses, diuretics improve overall quality of life, even in asymptomatic patients with mild hypertension (2). The large HANE study (3) provided no evidence of superior efficacy or tolerability of new classes of antihypertensive drugs. 

Risk factors for this adverse effect are pre-existing renal disease, age over 65 years, dehydration, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and a high infusion rate (SEDA-22, 345) (10,13,32,43,86,92). To minimize the risk of renal insufficiency, it has been suggested that immunoglobulin should be diluted with hypotonic fluid, that the infusion rate should be reduced, and that dosing intervals should be increased (89). Patients should be adequately hydrated and potent diuretics should be avoided (10). 

Saline laxatives (magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and disodium phosphate) or saccharide laxatives (sorbitol, mannitol, lactulose) are also used in poisoned patients. Common adverse effects are abdominal cramps, excessive diarrhea, and abdominal distension. Dehydration and electroljde imbalance in children, and hjrpermagnesemia and magnesium toxicity (with magnesium-based cathartics) have also been reported. 

The major limitation to the use of spironolactone is its liability to cause (sometimes lethal) hyperkalemia, particularly in the elderly, in patients with reduced renal function, and in patients who simultaneously take potassium supplements or ACE inhibitors. As with other diuretics, hyponatremia and dehydration can occur. Other less frequent adverse effects are gastrointestinal intolerance, neurological symptoms, and skin rashes. Hypersensitivity rashes and a lupus-Uke syndrome have been reported rarely. A few cases of mammary carcinoma have been reported and potential human metabolic products of spironolactone are carcinogenic in rodents. Second-generation effects have not been reported. 

Renal urinary concentration is associated with enhanced expression of rBSCl, a rat sodium cotransporter, in the thick ascending limb of Henle. In two recent studies by Kwon et al [60] and Michimata et al [62] dehydration or high plasma AVP resulted in an enhanced expression of rBSCl in rats with lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. rBSCl expression was closely associated with the adverse effects of Li ions on collecting duct function [60, 62]. 

Glycerin is used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical formulations including oral, ophthalmic, parenteral, and topical preparations. Adverse effects are mainly due to the dehydrating properties of glycerin. ... 

The capacity of children to absorb, distribute, metabolize, and excrete certain substances differs from that of adults. With larger livers, children are generally more efficient in their ability to detoxify however, their developing nervous and immune systems can also make them more sensitive to the adverse effects of certain botanicals. Children are particularly vulnerable to developing significant dehydration and loss of electrolyte balance with the... 

The FDA has received reports of four deaths as well as other adverse effects associated with the use of herbal laxative "dieters" teas (Kurtzweil, 1997). These teas contain laxatives such as senna, aloe, and buckthorn. Shortterm reactions are nausea, vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea, which may last several days and usually occur in those who exceed the recommended dose. 0[ther adverse effects include chronic diarrhea, dependence on laxatives for normal bowel function, and abdominal pain, which occur with long-term use. Severe reactions such as fainting, dehydration, and electrolyte disorders may occur in those with underlying nutritional disorders such as an eating disorder or excessive dieting. 

The broad picture is that mefloquine appears not to worsen the psychomotor effects of moderate amounts of alcohol. Just why an unusual toxic reaction developed in one individual is not known, although mefloquine alone can increase the risk of psychiatric events. It has been postulated that many of the adverse effects of mefloquine are associated with liver damage, and concurrent insults to the liver, such as from alcohol and dehydration, may be related to the development of severe or prolonged adverse reactions to mefloquine. In a review of 516 published case reports of mefloquine adverse effects, 11 cited alcohol as a possible contributing fac-tor. It was suggested that travellers taking mefloquine should avoid alcohol particularly within 24 hours of their weekly mefloquine dose. However, the manufacturers have not issued such a warning. More study is needed. 

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