Psychomotor effects

Desipramine [50-47-5] (35) and nortriptyline [72-69-5] (36) are demethylated derivatives and principal metaboHtes of (32) and (33), respectively. Both compounds possess less sedative and stronger psychomotor effects than the tertiary amine counterparts, probably because tricycHcs containing secondary amine groups generally show greater selectivity for inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine compared with the reuptake of serotonin. Protriptyline [438-60-8] (37), a stmctural isomer of nortriptyline, is another important secondary amine that displays a similar clinical profile. 

Pharmacodynamic tolerance to the psychomotor effects of benzodiazepines has been demonstrated after single or multiple doses (File 1985 Greenblatt and Shader 1978 Rosenberg and Chiu 1985). Pharmacodynamic tolerance to the anxiolytic effect (over a 6-month period) has not been demonstrated (Rickels et al. 1983), and clinical experience supports the view that many patients with anxiety disorders require long-term therapy with benzodiazepines or alternative antianxiety agents. An important clinical consequence of tolerance to sedative effects is observed in benzodiazepine overdoses, when patients may initially be... 

Dohrn CS, Lichtor JL, Finn RS, et al Subjective and psychomotor effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers. Behav Pharmacol 3 19-30, 1992 Dohrn CS, Lichtor JL, Coalson DW, et al Reinforcing effects of extended inhalation of nitrous oxide in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 31 263-280, 1993 Evans AC, Raistrick D Phenomenology of intoxication with toluene-based adhesives and butane gas. Br J Psychiatry 130 769-773, 1987 Evans EB, Balster RL CNS depressant effects of volatile organic solvents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 13 233—241, 1991... 

Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Goddard JE, Cotreau MM, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. (1997). Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 37(8) 693-703. 

Hanks GW, O Neill WM, Simpson P, Wesnes K. (1995). The cognitive and psychomotor effects of opioid analgesics II. A randomized controlled trial of single doses of morphine, lorazepam, and placebo in healthy subjects. EurJ Clin Pharmacol. 48(6) 455-60. 

Temazepam Postural sway, psychomotor effect, sedation t... 

Gorriti, M. A., F. Rodriguez de Fonseca, M. Navarro, and T. Palomo. Chronic (-) -delta9-tetrahydrocannab-inol treatment induces sensitization to the psychomotor effects of amphetamine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1999 365(2-3) 133-142. 

Deroche, V, Piazza, P.V, Le Moal, M., and Simon, H. (1994) Social isolation-induced enhancement of the psychomotor effects of morphine depends on corticosterone secretion. Brain Res 640 136-139. 

For most child psychiatrists, the drug interactions most frequently encountered are interactions with other psychotropics. Fluoxetine inhibits the CYP3A isozymes and thus increase the plasma concentration of the tria-zolobenzodiazepines (alprazolam, midazolam, and triazolam), causing increased psychomotor effects (Shader and Greenblatt, 1995). To avoid unwanted psychomotor effects, the dosage of alprazolam should be decreased when it is coadministered with fluoxetine (Chouinard et ah, 1999). Nefazadone has also been shown to increase the pharmacodynamic effects of triazolam and, to a lesser extent, alprazolam (Chouinard et ah, 1999). 

Unlike benzodiazepines, buspirone is not associated with sedative or abuse problems, but some clinicians have observed that bus-pirone s anxiolytic properties do not appear to be as potent as those of benzodiazepines, particularly in patients who have previously received a benzodiazepine. Because buspirone is not sedating and has no psychomotor effects, it has a distinct advantage over benzodiazepines when optimal alertness and motor performance are necessary. Response to buspirone occurs in approximately 2-4 weeks. Buspirone does not show cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines and other sedative or hypnotic drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and chloral hydrate. Therefore, buspirone does not suppress benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms. In anxious patients who are taking a benzodiazepine and who require a switch to buspirone, the benzodiazepine must be tapered gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms, despite the fact that the patient is receiving buspirone. 

Furlan, P.M., Kalian, M J., Ten Have, T., et ah Cognitive and psychomotor effects of paroxetine and sertraline on healthy elderly volunteers. Am. J. Geriatr. Psvchiatrv 9. 429-438, 2001. 

Lane, R., O Hanlon, J.F. Cognitive and psychomotor effects of antidepressants with emphasis on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the depressed elderly patient. Germ. J. Psychiatry 2, 1-28, 1999. 

Berlinger WJ, Goldberg MJ, Specter R, et al. Diphenhydramine kinetics and psychomotor effects in elderly women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982 32 387-391. 

O Neill, W.M. et al., The cognitive and psychomotor effects of morphine in healthy subjects a randomized controlled trial of repeated (four) oral doses of dextropropoxyphene, morphine, lorazepam and placebo, Pain, 85, 209, 2000. 

Zacny, J.P. et al., Subjective and psychomotor effects of subanesthetic doses of propofol in healthy volunteers, Anesthesiology, 76, 696, 1992. 

Davis DR. Psychomotor effects of analeptics and their relation to fatigue phenomena in aircrew. Br Med Bull 1947 5 43-45. 

Hommer, D. (1991). Benzodiazepines Cognitive and psychomotor effects. In P. Roy-Byrne D. Cowley (Eds.), Benzodiazepines in clinical practice Risks and benefits. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press. 

Methoxyphenamine is a sympathomimetic drug that has been used as a bronchodilator (1) and to treat nasal congestion. It has been claimed to be relatively free of cardio-stimulant and psychomotor effects, but there is httle published evidence suggesting marked beta-adrenoceptor selectivity, and the normal oral dose of 50-100 mg can in a minority of cases produce tightness of the chest and palpitation. Drowsiness, mouth dryness, nausea, and faintness have been anecdotally reported. 

Clinical evaluation of antihistaminic and psychomotor effects F. M, Gengo et al., CUn. Pharmacol Ther. 42, 265 (1987). 

Mahurin RK, Heyer NJ and Cianciola M (1998) Behavioral effects oflow-levd exposure to HgO among dental professionals a cross-study evaluation of psychomotor effects. Neurotoxicol Teratol 20 429 -439. 

Hindmarch I, Bhatti JZ. Psychomotor effects of astemizole and chlorpheniramine, alone and in combination with alcohol. Int Clin Psychopharmacol (1987) 2,117-19. 

Aranko K, Sepp9l9 T, Pellinen J, Mattila MJ. Interaction of diazepam or lorazepam witii alcohol. Psychomotor effects and bioassayed serum levels after single and repeated doses. Eur J Clin Pharmacol (1985) 28, 559-65. 

The broad picture is that mefloquine appears not to worsen the psychomotor effects of moderate amounts of alcohol. Just why an unusual toxic reaction developed in one individual is not known, although mefloquine alone can increase the risk of psychiatric events. It has been postulated that many of the adverse effects of mefloquine are associated with liver damage, and concurrent insults to the liver, such as from alcohol and dehydration, may be related to the development of severe or prolonged adverse reactions to mefloquine. In a review of 516 published case reports of mefloquine adverse effects, 11 cited alcohol as a possible contributing fac-tor. It was suggested that travellers taking mefloquine should avoid alcohol particularly within 24 hours of their weekly mefloquine dose. However, the manufacturers have not issued such a warning. More study is needed. 

In a randomised study, 20 healthy subjects were given sibutramine 20 mg with 0.5 g/kg ofaleohol diluted in ginger beer, or placebo. Sibutramine did not potentiate the eognitive or psychomotor effects of alcohol, and in one test, sibutramine slightly reduced the impairment caused by alcohol. ... 

Cooper SM, Jackson D, Loudon JM, McClelland GR, Raptopoulos P. The psychomotor effects of paroxetine alone and in combination with haloperidol, amylobarbitone, oxazepam, or alcohol. Acta PsychiatrScand (1989) 80 (Suppl 350), 53-55. 

A study in 12 healthy subjects found that both sublingual buprenorphine 400 micrograms and oral amitriptyline 50 mg impaired the performanee of a number of psychomotor tests (digit symbol substitution, flicker fusion, Maddox wing, hand-to-eye coordination, reactive skills), and the subjects felt drowsy, feeble, mentally slow and muzzy. When amitriptyline 30 mg, increased to 75 mg daily was given for 4 days before a single dose of buprenorphine, the psychomotor effects were not significantly increased, but the respiratory depressant effects of the buprenorphine were enhanced. ... 

Pretreatment with amitriptyline 10 mg increased to 50 mg daily for 4 days caused no major chmges in the psychomotor effects of a single 280-microgram/kg oral dose of oxycodone in 9 healthy subjects. Respiratory effects were not assessed. 

A randomised, study in 10 healthy subjects found that erythromycin 500 mg three times daily for 6 days had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics or psychomotor effects of a single 20-mg dose of temazepam. ... 

A pharmaeokinetie study in 10 healthy subjects found that rifampicin 600 mg daily for 5 days reduced the AUC of a single 15-mg oral dose of midazolam by 96%, and reduced the half-life by almost two-thirds. The psychomotor effects of the midazolam (as measured by the digit symbol substitution test, Maddox wing test, postural sway and drowsiness) were almost totally lost. ... 

Patients taking the non-seiective MAOIs (e.g. tranylcypromine, phenelzine) can suffer a serious hypertensive reaction if they drink tyramine-rich drinks (some beers or iagers, including low-aicohoi brands, or wines), but no serious interaction is likely with the RIMAs (e.g. mociobemide). The hypotensive adverse effects of the MAOIs may be exaggerated in a few patients by aicohoi, and they may experience dizziness and faintness after drinking reia-tiveiy modest amounts. Mociobemide does not appear to aiter the psychomotor effects of aicohoi to a ciinicaiiy reievant extent. 

Acute psychomotor effects of cannabis administration include decreased postural balance (48,49), increased body sway (due to impaired equilibrium) (50), and increased tremor. Effects on simple and complex reaction time tasks are mixed, with some studies reporting impaired performance (51,52) and others showing no effect (50,53). Acute cannabis administration can also impair performance on the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) (9,13,49),... 

Gutierrez, S., M.K. Ang-Lee, D.J. Walker, and J.P. Zacny. 2004. Assessing subjective and psychomotor effects of the herbal medication valerian in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 78(l) 57-64. 

Hallam, KT., J.S. Olver, C. McGrath, and T.R. Norman. 2003. Comparative cognitive and psychomotor effects of single doses of Valeriana officianalis and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Human Psychapharmacol. 18(8) 619-625. 

Psychologic and psychomotor effects that appear to occur at BLLs over... 

PEA has a similar structure to amphetamine and is well known to increase locomotion and induce stereotyped behaviors like amphetamine at higher, supraphysiological doses [10, 11, 19]. It was shown that the psychomotor effect of PEA may involve cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways in the striatum. PEA increased acetylcholine release in the striatum. PEA-associated stimulation of acetylcholine release was mediated by AMPA-type glutamatergic receptors [31]. 

Psychedelic, 545 Psychoactive, 126,4150 Psychoactive effects, 4117,4142, 4143 Psychollatine, 138 Psychological, 542 Psychomotor activity, 2621 Psychomotor effect, 1207... 

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