Species data sources

Data at 25°C. Free energy of formation, equilibrium constants and re-lated data at 25°C exist for a wide range of minerals, other solids, gases and aqueous species, including ions and complexes (see later discussion on data sources). Availability of data at this reference temperature is usually not a major stumbling block. 

Figure 12.4 Vertical profiles of the Group 3 elements in the North Pacific Ocean, including selected actinides. Data sources Sc (Spencer et al., 1970), Y, La, Pr-Lu (Zhang and Nozaki, 1996), Ce (Piepgras and Jacobsen, 1992), Ac (Nozaki, 19 84), 232Th (Roy-Barman et al., 1996), U (Chen et al., 1986) and 241Am (Livingston et al., 1983). Relative species abundance is shown to the right of each figure in descending order.

Figure 12.7 Vertical profiles of elements in Groups 5, 6 and 7. Data sources V (Collier, 1984), Nb (Carlisle and Hummerstone, 1958), Ta (Schutz and Turekian, 1965), Cr (Murray et at., 1983), Mo (Morris, 1975 Sohrin et at., 1987), W (Sohrin et at., 1987) and Re (Anbar et at., 1992). For Mn, see Fig. 12.14. Dominant solution species for the two oxidation states of Cr are vertically separated.

If the individual predominant species appear each in a different color, chck with the right mouse button in the diagram and choose the window data source . Under row you can define a data series for each species (per default, there is only one data set with the name pe comprising all species). Further data series can be defined by using Add , e.g. the series Fe2+, with name (Fe2+), X value (as found in the table, e.g. in column A from row 146 to 268) and the respective Y values (B 146 - B 268). The X and Y values can be defined most simply by clicking with the mouse on the red arrow beside the cells for X values and Y... 

Figure 3.20 Correlation piot of Miiiikan and White for vibrationai relaxation in a number of diatomic species and their mixtures [i 58]. Soiid symbols refer to measurements at the Generai Electric Laboratory (see ref. 158 and the text for other data sources). 

The Barin tables are far more complete in coverage than any of the sources described above. All of the natural elements and their compounds are included. In addition to the substance types listed in USBM Bull 677, the Barin tables include a large number of ternary oxides - aluminates, arsenates, borates, chromates, molybdates, nitrates, oxy-halides, phosphates, titanates, tungstates, selenates, vanadates, zirconates, etc. - as well as cyanides, hydroxides, complex silicates and inter-metallic compounds. The only substances not included by Barin, for which tables can be found elsewhere, are the ionized-gas species and a limited number of gas species important only at very high temperatures, which are listed in the JANAF tables. For each table Dr. Barin gives references for each of the major thermochemical values employed (enthalpy of formation and entropy at 298 K, and heat capacity). Like the USBM Bulletins, no attempt is made to discuss the choice between conflicting data sources. 

In order to explore the relationships between parent and transformation product ecotoxicity to invertebrates, data relating to the acute aquatic ecotoxicity of transformation products and their respective pesticides to the water flea Daphnia sp. were collated. The majority of data points were for the species Daphnia magna whilst some data were for either Daphnia pulex or undefined daphnid species, all these data were treated as comparable. Data collection focused on the end-point stipulated in the OECD guidehne, 48 h ECso (immobilisation) [16]. Data collection principally focused on pesticides evaluation documents and were supplemented with data collated for the EU SEEM project [17]. Where multiple values were identified for a pesticide or transformation product a geometric mean value was used. Where transformation product ecotoxicity data were identified in the evaluation documents with no respective pesticide data, alternative data sources were used to provide a comparison [18,19]. Initially 255 pesticide/transformation product data comparisons were identified which comprised 120 pesticides and 245... 

Several data sources for a refinement of risk assessments for birds and mammals can be used (1) information from other parts of the data package, for example, from the residue section of the dossier, (2) data from scientific literature or official research projects [e.g., CSL (DEFRA-UK) projects on wildlife in agricultural landscape], (3) results from (generic) field studies, which can obtain very focused data sets for refinements (to refine focal species (FIR/bw), PT, PD or RUD (e.g., arthropods)). In all cases, it is necessary to quantify parameters so that they can be used in the ETE-calculation. 

Vertebrates have been monitored in Mexico for Hg residue content The monitored taxa included fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Data on the Hg concentrations in selected tissues of elasmobranchs is presented in Table 6. Reported levels of Hg were sourced from nine studies published between 1998 and 2012 and included 24 species. Data on elasmobranch species taken from the Pacific Ocean (seven contributions) were more abundant than those taken from the Gulf of Mexico area (two studies). 

The first place that one should generally look for thermochemical data is in the NIST Chemistry Web Book [24], available at http // webbook.nist.gov. This database contains thermochemical properties for more than 7000 small organic and inorganic compounds, and includes the entire contents of several other databases. Table 5 shows the enthalpies of formation and standard entropies of the species from the reaction mechanism in Table 4 that are available in the NIST WebBook. These properties were available for 10 of the 15 species. The source cited in the NIST WebBook for all these species was the NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables [25], which have long been the first choice for finding thermochemical data for inorganic and very small organic... 

Data on aquatic and mammalian toxicity were collected from standard reference sources. Aquatic data included the results of acute lethal toxicity testing on rainbow trout, bluegUl, fathead minnow, and Daphnia magna. Aquatic data on similar species were collected if none of the above species data was available. Aquatic data were found for over 50% of the named compounds. Oral and inhalation toxicity to the rat were collected for the mammalian toxicity. Toxicity data were available for over 70% of substances on the fist. These data on the substances and the remaining priority substances are shown in Table 44.2. If the toxicity data were for a slightly different species or time range, data were still included. 

Hughes, C.E. et al., Divergent and reticulate species relationships in Leucaena (Fabaceae) inferred from multiple data sources insights into polyploidy origins and nrDNA polymorphism, Amer. J. Bot., 89, 1057, 2002. 

FIGURE 12.20 The infrared bands of isotopic species of HCl from the HITRAN data source [12]. The overtone vibrational bands occur at multiples of 2885 cm up to V = 4 (n = 4, harmonic level) due to anharmonicity. The first set of bands at the extreme left (low energy) of the spectrum is due to pure rotation transitions discussed in the next chapter. 

The appearance of clusters of dead animals of multiple species Data suggesting a massive point source or line source release for non-contagious agents (e.g. anthrax)... 

Flora as primary data sources for establishing functional similarity between groups of species... 

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