3-D woven composites

Alternatively, tests can be used to obtain the basic stiffness properties of the material form and their corresponding range measured by some statistical property such as the standard deviation. In two-dimensional cases where there are no significant loads in the out-of-plane direction, the basic orthotropic stiffness properties in Eqn (6.1) can be measured experimentally. Then, the classical laminated plate theory described in previous sections for determination of stiffness can be used effectively to model these sttuctures. Alternatively, the four basic stiffiiesses for 3-D woven composites can be... 

Bogdanovich AE. Multi-scale modelling, stress and failure analyses of 3-D woven composites. J Mater Sci 2006 41 6547-90. 

Three-dimensional (3-D) fiber reinforced polymeric materials have been shown to have a good impact tolerance [108,109], making them attractive candidates in weight sensitive industries such as in aerospace, auto, and maritime. A number of stodies have been conducted to understand the impact response of 3 -D woven composites [ 108,109]. For example, B aucom, Zikry, and Rajendran [110] investigated the effects of fabric architecture on damage progression, perforation resistance, strength, and failure mechanisms in composite systems of... 

Brandt, J., Drechsler, K., Mohamed, M., Gu, P., 1992. Manufacture and performance of carbon/ epoxy 3-D woven composites. In Proceedings of 37th International SAMPE Symposium, Anaheim, CA, March 9-11, 1992, pp. 864-877. 

Fiber reinforced thermosetting polymer composites have been used in the form of laminate, sandwich, grid stiffened, stitched, Z-pinned, three-dimensional (3-D) woven fabric, and hybrid structures. In addition to carrying the designed static/dynamic loads, most composite stmcmres experience some kind of low or high velocity impact incidents during their life cycle. A low velocity impact is not uncommon. For example, dropping a tool on to a composite stmcmre... 

As compared to laminated composite, there is no doubt that the impact tolerance of the 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite has been enhanced dramatically due to the 3-D network structme and the improved transverse shear resistance. However, it is clear that even repeated low velocity impact can cause significant damage. Therefore, tike laminated composite and sandwich composite, 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite also calls for self-healing capabilities. 

Figure 1.5 Perforation in a 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite after repeated low velocity impact. Source [39] Reproduced with permission from lOP Publishing...

Next, we will present applications of the CTH scheme in several real-world composite stractures. They arc fiber reinforced syntactic foam cored sandwich structures, sandwich stractures with a continuous fiber reinforced grid stiffened syntactic foam core, and 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite structures. Of course, the core or the polymer composite is based on the same thermosetting PSMP as discussed above. 

The 3-D woven fabric reinforced foam composite panel was fabricated in a steel mold using a gravity assisted method by impregnating the 3-D woven fabric with the uncured foam. The... 

D Woven Fabric Reinforced Composite Panel Programming... 

Bogdanovich A, Singletary J, Yushanov S, 3-D woven fabric preforms and composites, experimental characterization and predictive analysis. Proceedings, TexComp-5, Leuven, Sep 18-20, 2000. 

Bogdanovich, A.E., 2007. Advancements in manufacturing and applications of 3-D woven preforms and composites. In CD-ROM Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-16), Kyoto, Japan, July 8-13, 2007. 

Bogdanovich, A.E., Wigent III, D.E., Whitney, T.J., 2003. Fabrication of 3-D woven preforms and composites with integrated fiber optic sensors. SAMPE J. 39 (4), 6-15. 

Bogdanovich, A., Coffelt, R., Grogan, J., Shukla, A., 2005. Integral 3-D woven S-2 glass fabric composites for ballistic armor systems. In Proceedings of 26th International SAMPE Europe Conference, Paris, France, April 5-7, 2005, pp. 245-250. 

Bogdanovich, A., Mungalov, D., Ochoa, O.O., Lee, S.M., 2008. Joining thick composite panels with the use of unitary 3-D woven couplers and patches. In CD Proceedings of SAMPE Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition, Memphis, TN, September 8-11, 2008. 

Tekalur, S.A., Bogdanovich, A.E., Shukla, A., 2009. Shock loading response of sandwich panels with 3-D woven E-glass composite skins and stitched foam core. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69 (6), 736-753. 

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