D-endotoxins

Qureshi, S.T., Lariviere, L., Leveque, G., Clermont, S., Moore, K.J., Gros, P., Malo, D. Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). J Exp Med 189 (1999) 615-625. 

Wettstein, M., Gerok, W, Haussinger, D. Endotoxin-induced nitric oxide synthesis in the isolated perfused rat liver. Hepatology 1994 19 641-647... 

Risk assessment of d-endotoxins in plants 6.1. General issues... 

Walters F S, English L H (1995) Toxieity of Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins toward the potato aphid in an artificial diet bioassay. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 77 211-216... 

D2. Dandona, P., Nix, D., Wilson, M. F., Aljada, A., Love, J., Assicot, M., and Bohuon C Procalcitonin increase after endotoxin injection in normal subjects. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79, 1605-1608(1994). 

D3. Danenberg, H. D., Alpert, G., Lustig, S., and Ben-Nathan, D., Dehydroepiandrosterone protects mice from endotoxin toxicity and reduces tumor necrosis factor production. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36,2275-2279 (1992). 

M9. Marchant, A., Bruyns, C., Vandenabeele, P., Abramowicz, D., Gerard, C Delvaux, A., Ghezzi, P., Velu, T., and Goldman, M Interleukin-10 differentially regulates cytokine production during murine endotoxin shock. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, 12 (Abst) (1993). 

R4. Rees, D. D., Cellek, S Palmer, R. M. J., and Moncada, S., Dexamethasone prevents the induction by endotoxin of a nitric oxide synthase and the associated effects on vascular tone An insight into endotoxin shock. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173,541-547 (1990). 

Petsch, D. and Anspach, F.B. (2000) Endotoxin removal from protein solutions. Journal of Biotechnology, 76 (2-3), 97-119. 

Mohler, KM., Sleath, P.R., Fitzner, J.N., Cerretti, D.P., Alderson, M., Kerwar, S.S., Torrance, D.S., Otten-Evans, C., Greenstreet, T., Weerawarna, K. et al. (1994) Protection against a lethal dose of endotoxin by an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor processing. Nature 370, 218-220. 

Schultze, W.D. and Bright, S.C. (1983), Changes in penetrability of bovine papillary duct to endotoxin after milking . American Journal of Veterinary Research, 44, 2373-2375. 

Hodgson, D.M., Knott, B., and Walker, F.R., Neonatal endotoxin exposure influences HPA responsivity and impairs tumor immunity in Fischer 344 rats in adulthood, Pediatr. Res., 50, 750, 2001. 

P. Stutz, H. Aschauer, J. Hildebrandt, C. Lam, H. Loibner, I. Macher, D. Scholz, E. Schiltze, and H. Vyplel, in A. Nowotny (Ed.), Endotoxin Research Series, Vol. 1, Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Endotoxin Reactions Chemical Synthesis of Endotoxin Analogs and Some Structure Activity Relationships, p. 129. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990. 

Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J. Herz U. Eder W. Waser M, Grize L, Maisch S. Carr D. Gerlach F, Bufe A, Lauener RP. Schierl R. Renz H, Nowak D, von Mutius E Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med 2002 347 869-877. 

Harmon P, Cabral-Lilly D, Reed RA, et al. The release and detection of endotoxin from liposomes. Anal Biochem 1997 250 139. 

Gereda, J.E., Leung, D.Y.M. and Thatayatikom, A. (2000). Relation between house dust endotoxin exposure, type I T cell development, and allergen sensitization in infants at high risk of asthma. Lancet, 32, 1680-1683. 

The alternative pathway starts with the binding of factors C3b and B to bacterial lipo-polysaccharides (endotoxins). The formation of this complex allows cleavage of B by factor D, giving rise to a second form of C3 convertase (C3bBb). 

Zhang, G. H., Mann, D. M., and Tsai, C. M. (1999). Neutralization of endotoxin in vitro and in vivo by a human lactoferrin-derived peptide. Infect. Immun. 67,1353-1358. 

Trimethylsilyl ethers of methyl glycosides have been used in analyzing bacterial endotoxins that contain 3,6-dideoxyhexoses, and, because of the volatility of such glycosides, careful temperature-programming is essential.373 Methyl D-glucosides and analogs have been... 

The occurrence of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in lipopoly-saccharides has prompted its synthesis,537 together with the D-gal-octo158 and the D-gluco analogs.157 Although gas-liquid chromatography was successfully used to analyze the products of these syntheses, it has been reported that methanolysis of a bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide failed to yield 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, presumably because of the lability of the latter to acid.381 However, Kasai and Nowotny have reported four peaks for the O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid obtained by methanolysis of the glycolipid from a Salmonella minnesota mutant.538 Reduced 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid and its methyl ester have also been analyzed successfully as their acetates.339,539... 

Ullrich H, Jakob W, Frohlich D et al (2001) A new endotoxin adsorber First clinical apphcation. Ther Apher 5(5) 326-34... 

DeLa Cadena, R.A., A. Majluf-Cruz, A. Stadnicki, M. Tropea, D. Reda, IM. Agosti, R.W. Colman, and A.F. Suffredini, Recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor p75 fusion protein (TNFR Fc) alters endotoxin-induced activation of the kinin, fibrinolytic, and coagulation systems in normal humans. Thromb Haemost, 1998. 80(1) 114-8. 

Endotoxin unit/ml = dilution factor of last end point (D.F.) x LAL reagent sensitivity... 

Koh, J. Y., and Choi, D. W. (1988). Vulnerability of cultured cortical neurons to damage by endotoxins Differential susceptibility of neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase. J. Neurosci. 8, 2153-2163. 

Wagner, D. A., Young, V. R., and Tannenbaum, S. R. (1983). Mammalian nitrate biosynthesis Incorporation of NHj into nitrate is enhanced by endotoxin treatment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 4518-4521. 

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