Endotoxins removal

Petsch, D. and Anspach, F.B. (2000) Endotoxin removal from protein solutions. Journal of Biotechnology, 76 (2-3), 97-119. 

K. W. Talmadge and C. J. Siebert, Efficient endotoxin removal with a new sanitizable affinity column Affi-Prep Polymyxin, J. Chromatogr., 175-185 (1989). 

Kang, Y. Luo, R.G. Chromatographic removal of endotoxin from hemoglobin preparations effect of solution conditions on endotoxin removal efficiency and protein recovery. J. Chromatog. A 1998, 809, 13-20. 

At pH levels above 2, endotoxin aggregates are negatively charged and behave as anions. This property accounts for the attraction that endotoxin aggregates have for divalent cations in solutions. It is also the characteristic that provides the mechanism of action for endotoxin removal by cationically charged adsorbents. 

Ynasa J, Naya Y, Tanaka M, Amakasn M, Yamaguchi K. [Chnical experiences of endotoxin removal colnmns in septic shock dne to nrosepsis report of three cases.] Hinyokika Kiyo 2000 46(ll) 819-22. 

Li, L. Luo, R.G. Protein concentration effect on protein-d lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding and endotoxin removal. Biotechnol. Lett. 1997, 79, 135-138. ... 

Petsch, D. Anspach, F.B. Endotoxin removal from proteiri) solutions. J. Biotechnol. 2000, 79, 97-119. ... 

C. Preparations and applications of polyethyleneimine- 13. immobilized cellulose fibers for endotoxin removal. 

Hou, K.C. Zaniewski, R. Depyrogenation by endotoxin removal with positively charged depth filter cartridge. J. Parenter. Sci. Technol. 1990, 44, 204-209. 

Endotoxin removal by ligand binding can be performed using DNA Etox resin (Sterogene Separations, Calsbad, CA). 

As biopharmaceuticals are potentially contaminanted with possibly harmful viruses and allergenic and pyrogenic acting endotoxins as residual components of their host cell, guidelines and directions have been issued by the FDA s Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research (CBER) requesting validated procedures for virus and endotoxin removal and inactivation. 

J.S. Guo, F.B. Meng, X.Y. Li, M.Z. Wang, YJ. Wu, X.B. Jing, Y.B. Huang, PEGylated click polypeptides synthesized by copper-free microwave-assisted thermal click polymerization for selective endotoxin removal from protein solutions, Macromol. Biosci. 12... 

Commercial EVAL hollow-fiber membranes prepared via the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl alcohol have been recently explored for protein immobilization. L-Histidine has been coupled onto EVAL-fibers activated with epichlo-rohydrin or butanediol diglycidyl ether to prepare an affinity support for immunoglobulin G (IgG) purification [58]. Furthermore, histidine-immobilized hollow-fiber membranes have been employed for endotoxin removal from... 

Zhang M, Zhang F, Cheng F-H, Xu K, Xu Q-P, Chen H-F, Fai J-Y, Tung K-F. Extracorporeal endotoxin removal by novel L-serine grafted PVDF membrane modules. J. Membr. ScL 2012 405 6 104-112. 

Charcoal hemoperfusion can also remove the toxin in hepatic failure. A model of galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in a rat with grade 3 hepatic encephalopathy, demonstrated the potential utility of multisorbent plasma perfusion over uncoated spherical charcoal, and an endotoxin removing adsorbent (polymyxin B-sepharose). Timing, duration and frequency of treatment impacted liver cell proliferative response as compared to untreated fulminant hepatic failure paired controls (Ryan et al., 2001). 

The resulting tPA solution is sent to an endotoxin removal column where the endotoxin is adsorbed selectively onto a resin (e.g., Acticlean Etox by Sterogene). This column is washed with a mixture of 364.8 kg/yr of NaOH and 9,235 kg/yr of water to remove the endotoxin. The effluent stream is microfilteied, to remove cell debris, which does not pass through the filter. Then, wastewater is removed in a freeze drying operation to provide tPA in powder form. 

Recently, PHB beads for endotoxin removal were developed by fusing the human lipopolysaccharide binding protein (hLBP) to PhaP immobilized in vitro on PHB particles via the natural hydrophobic interaction between PhaP and PHB [71]. 

Endotoxin removing method based on lipopolysaccharide binding protein and polyhydroxyalkanoate binding protein PhaP. Biomacromolecules, 12, 602 -608. 

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