Cytology

Microscopes are also classified by the type of information they present size, shape, transparency, crystallinity, color, anisotropy, refractive indices and dispersion, elemental analyses, and duorescence, as well as infrared, visible, or ultraviolet absorption frequencies, etc. One or more of these microscopes are used in every area of the physical sciences, ie, biology, chemistry, and physics, and also in their subsciences, mineralogy, histology, cytology, pathology, metallography, etc. 

Filtering cells and cell fractions from fluid media. These particles, after concentration by filtration, may be examined through subsequent quantitative or qualitative analysis. The filtration techniques also have applications in fields related to immunology and implantation of tissues as well as in cytological evaluation of cerebrospinal, fluid. 

Protoanemonin, which has been isolated from Anemone pulsatilla and Ranunculus spp., was reported to inhibit root growth by slowing down metabolism and blocking mitosis 35). Erickson and Rosen 35) observed cytological effects in corn root tips at concentrations of 10M and lower. Cells undergoing division appeared to accumulate in the interphase or prophase stages. Metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages were not observed. Cytoplasmic and vacuolar structures were disturbed and the presence of mitochondria could not be demonstrated in treated tissue. Thimann and Bonner 141) reported that protoanemonin was 10 to 30 times more inhibitory than coumarin in coleoptile and split pea stem tests, and that BAL prevented the inhibitory action. 

The reliability of the results depends in large measure on how well deviations from the (ideal) linear relationship between log / and dry weight per unit area can be eliminated or allowed for. As is well known, this can be accomplished by the comparative method (3.10), provided that standard (reference system) and unknown, identical in mass, shape, and elementary composition, are exposed to the same x-ray beam. In the cytological investigations, these conditions are difficult to meet, not only because the samples are complex in composition, but also because they are very small, as is clear from the units employed (micromicrograms per square micron or 10 12 gram per 10 8 sq cm). 

Kaur P, Grover IS. 1985a. Cytological effects of some organophosphorus pesticides I. Mitotic effects. Cytologia 50 187-197. 

Uncultured cells have also been used to a limited extent for fetal sex determination. This Is possible because the cells can be appropriately stained and examined for the presence of sex chromatin, characteristic of female cells, and for the fluorescent Y-body, characteristic of male cells (33,34). However, these cytologic techniques are not completely reliable, and It Is still desirable to determine fetal sex by direct chromosome analysis (35). 

Gerble, A. B. Melancon, S. B. Ryan, C. and Nadler, H. L. "Cultivated Eplthellal-Llke Cells and Fibroblasts from Amniotic Fluid Their Relationship to Enzymatic and Cytologic Analysis". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., (1972), 114, 314-320. 

Cutler, D. F., Brandham, P. E., Carter, S. and Harris, S. J. 1980. Morphological, anatomical, cytological and biochemical aspects of evolution in East African shrubby species of Aloe L. (Liliaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80 293-317. 

Denton, M. F. 1979. Cytological and reproductive differentiation in Sedum section Gormania. Brittonia 31 197-211. 

Dodson, C. H. 1970. The role of chemical attractants in orchid pollination. Pages 83-107 in K. L. Chambers (ed.) Biochemical Coevolution. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. Downie, S. R. 1988. Morphological, cytological, and flavonoid vaiiabihty of the Arnica angusti-folia aggregate (Asteraceae). Can. J. Bot. 64 24-39. 

Lumaret, R. 1988. Cytology, genetics and evolution in the genus Dactylis. Chem. Rubber Co. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 7 55-91. 

Popovlc, M., Djurkovlc, R., Gaslc, O., Pal, B., Dutchewska, H. and Kuzmanov, B. 1992. Chemical and cytological investigation of Thalictrum minus from Vojvodina region. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20 255-258. 

Craig, S. P. and Santarosa, J. 1971. Cytological and chemical variation in Pityrogramma... 

Stoutamire, W. P. 1954. Gaillardia pulchella and Gaillardia aristata The morphological and cytological variation and the taxonomy of their wild and cultivated races. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington. 

E. C. Landsberg, Hormonal regulation of iron-stress response in sunflower roots a morphological and cytological investigation. Protopkisma /94 69 (1996). 

Zuri I., Fishelson L. and Terkel J. (1998). Morphology and cytology of the nasal ca and vomeronasal organ in juvenile and adult blind Mole rats (Spalax ehrenbe Anat Rec 251, 460-471. 

Cytology, although presence of Candida is not diagnostic since colonization is common... 

Cytology and culture to identify species of yeast or presence of resistance... 

Detects cancerous cells that become disloged from the airways into the sputum. Sputum cytology is useful because it is not invasive, although it has much lower sensitivity for detecting cancer. 

Stage IV = Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastasis beyond the pelvis (i.e. if pleural effusion present, confirm cytology or any parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV). 

Because the risk of central nervous system (CNS) involvement is high, regardless of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology all patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) receive intrathecal prophylaxis. 

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