Cytokines stimulating factor

Cytokines and Immunophilins. A large number of inflammatory mediators and related proteins including the cytokines, colony stimulating factors (CSFs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), growth factors (see Growth regulators), neurotrophic factors, and immunophilins are found in the mammalian CNS and appear to play a significant role in CNS function both in development and in aspects of brain homeostasis (40—43). 

Hematopoietic cytokines/colony-stimulating factors IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, erythropoietin, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, thrombo-poietin... 

Several cytokines are in clinical use that support immune responses, such as IL-2, DFNs, or colony-stimulating factors. IL-2 supports the proliferation and effector ftmction of T-lymphocytes in immune compromised patients such as after prolonged dialysis or HIV infection. IFNs support antiviral responses or antitumoral activities of phagocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Colony-stimulatory factors enforce the formation of mature blood cells from progenitor cells, e.g., after chemo- or radiotherapy (G-CSF to generate neutrophils, TPO to generate platelets, EPO to generate erythrocytes). 

In the trans Golgi compartment the peptide is sorted via secretory vesicles into a regulated pathway. In contrast to vesicles of the constitutive pathway, vesicles of the regulated pathway are stored in the cytoplasm until their stimulated release. Membrane depolarisation as well as a wide range of substances such as intracellular mediators, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, classical hormones, cytokines, growth factors, ions and nutrients induce somatostatin secretion. General inhibitors of somatostatin release are opiates, GABA, leptin and TGF- 3. 

Cytokine receptors that couple to the JAK-STAT Pathway decode the signaling though hematopoietic cytokines (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors), prolactin, growth hormone, the a-, (3- and y- interferons, and a number of immunomodulatory interleukins [3], They form homodimetic or heterodimeric receptor complexes, which after ligandbinding recruit and activate isotypes of Janus kinases (JAKs). Activated JAKs in turn... 

Erythropoiesis is a process that starts with a pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow that eventually differentiates into an erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E)4 (Fig. 63-1). The development of these cells depends on stimulation from the appropriate growth factors, primarily erythropoietin. Other cytokines involved include granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3). Eventually, the CFU-Es differentiate into reticulocytes and cross from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. Finally, these reticulocytes mature into erythrocytes after 1 to 2 days in the bloodstream. Throughout this process, the cells gradually accumulate more hemoglobin and lose their nuclei.4... 

Korholz, D. 2003. Cytokines and Colony Stimulating Factors. Humana Press, NJ, USA. Mire-Sluis, A. 1998. Cytokines. Academic Press... 

Korholz, D. 2003. Cytokines and Colony Stimulating Factors. Humana Press. 

Oxidized LDL provokes an inflammatory response mediated by a number of chemoattractants and cytokines (e.g., monocyte colony-stimulating factor, intercellular adhesion molecule, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factors, interleukin-1, interleukin-6). 

Lindemann, A., Riedel, D., Oster, W., Ziegler-Heitbrock, H. W. L., Mertelsmann, R., Herrmann, F. (1989). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces cytokine secretion by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 1308-12. 

Alvaro-Gracia, J. M., Zvaifler, N. J., Brown, C. B., Kaushansky, K., Firestein, G. S. (1991). Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis VI. Analysis of the synovial cells involved in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production and gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis and its regulation by IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-a J. Immunol 146,3365-71. 

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