Cytokine requirements for

Kullberg, M. C., Rothfuchs, A. G., Jankovic, D., Caspar, P., Wynn, T. A., Gorelick, P. L., Cheever, A. W., and Sher, A. (2001). Helicobacter hepaticus-induced colitis in interleukin-lO-deficient mice Cytokine requirements for the induction and maintenance of intestinal inflammation. Infect. Immun. 69, 4232-4241. 

Suri-Payer E, Cantor H Differential cytokine requirements for regulation of autoimmune gastritis and colitis by CD4 +)CD25(+) T cells. J Autoimmun 2001 16 115-123. 

In Vitro Differentiation of MAPCs. The differentiation of MAPCs to several lineages is achieved when the cells are re-plated at high density (1-2 x 10" cells/ cm ). The cells were cultured in the absence of the serum, but with lineage-specific cytokines required for the differentiation of the desired tissues. 

Xing Z, Gauldie J, Cox G, Baumann H, Jordana M, Lei XF, Achong MK IL-6 is an antiinflammatory cytokine required for controlling local or systemic acute inflammatory responses. J Clin Invest I998 101 3II. 

In the specialized environment of secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, dendritic cells provide the requirements for naive T-lymphocytes to become activated and to proliferate. The professional antigen-presenting cells present peptides in MHC II, express costimulatory molecules, and release cytokines into the immunological synapse, which is formed by the antigen-presenting cell and the naive T-lymphocyte. Thus, cells of innate immunity initiate and facilitate the activation of naive lymphocytes, and it is easily conceivable that their cytokines and adhesion molecules will instruct the naive T-lymphocyte during activation and differentiation to T-effector cells. 

Effective antibody synthesis and switching from IgM to the other Ig-classes requires help by Tit-cells, predominantly but not exclusive by Th-2 cells. The master cytokine responsible for a switch to IgE and thus development of an allergy is IL-4. 

Induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides or immune cytokines in macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and glia cells. Ca2+ is not required for the enzyme activation. 

NFAT was initially identified in activated T cells as a DNA binding activity required for IL-2 expression, a cytokine that plays a key role in T cell activation and survival. Subsequent studies revealed the involvement... 

Johnston IN, Milligan ED, Wieseler-Frank J, Frank MG, Zapata V, Campisi J (2004) A role for proinflammatory cytokines and fractaUdne in analgesia, tolerance, and subsequent pain facilitation induced by chronic intrathecal morphine. J Neurosci 24(33) 7353-7365 Kim YS, Panganiban AT (1993) The full-length tat protein is required for TAR-independent, post-transcriptional trans activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env gene expression. J Virol 67(7) 3739-3747... 

Early infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocyte/macro-phages into the transplanted organ occurs soon after reperfusion of the transplant is initiated. In the context of transplantation, oxygen deprivation and general tissue stress of the graft leads to the activation of proinflammatory cytokines and the upregulation of the adhesion molecules required for leukocyte... 

Sato N, Ahuja SK, Quinones M, et al. CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2 is required for langerhans cell migration and localization of T helper cell type 1 (Thl)-inducing dendritic cells. Absence of CCR2 shifts the Leishmania major-resistant phenotype to a susceptible state dominated by Th2 cytokines, b cell outgrowth, and sustained neutrophilic inflammation. J Exp Med 2000 192(2) 205-218. 

Subramanian, G., Kazura, J.W., Pearlman, E., Jia, X., Malhorta, I. and King, C.L. (1997) B7-2 requirement for helminth induced granuloma formation and CD4 type 2 T helper cell cytokine expression. Journal of Immunology 158, 5914-5920. 

Although it appears that severe IL-4-regulated enteropathy is not required for immune expulsion of T. spiralis, it is still possible that Th2 cytokines can act in a direct fashion to create an environment unfavourable for intestinal parasites. It remains to be shown directly whether these effects are sufficient to expel parasites. Indeed, there is considerable evidence to support a variety of pathophysiological effects of IL-4 and/or TNF on the gut. These effects may be mediated by factors including cytokines and mast-cell products (e.g. leukotrienes and 5-hydroxytryptamine). 7. spiralis infections result in increased fluid and mucus secretion into the lumen as well as increased intestinal propulsive activity and more rapid intestinal transit (Castro et al, 1979 Russell, 1986 Vermillion and Collins, 1988 Vermillion et al., 1991 Weisbrodt et al, 1994 Barbara et al, 1997). The increased contractility of radial and longitudinal muscle is greater in high-... 

Oppenheim, R. W., Wiese, S. and Prevette, D. et al. Cardiotrophin-1, a muscle-derived cytokine, is required for the survival of subpopulations of developing motoneurons. /. Neurosci. 21 1283-91, 2001. 

Bond, M. et ah, Synergistic upregulation of metalloproteinase-9 by growth factors and inflammatory cytokines An absolute requirement for transcription factor NF-kappa B, FEES Lett., 435, 29, 1998. 

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